In what cases and who needs anthrax vaccination?

When is there a risk of getting anthrax?

A person is at risk of contracting anthrax if pathogens of this disease appear among certain species of wild animals. Earlier, Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev warned about the risk of the spread of anthrax in southern Russia due to non-compliant animal burial grounds. According to REN TV, infection in a Dagestan village occurred through meat - after one of the sick people slaughtered a bull. Experts call this route of infection one of the most common.

Recommendations

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Is there a vaccine against anthrax?

Yes, there is a vaccine against anthrax, but it does not provide full guarantees that if you come into contact with a source of infection, you will be able to avoid the disease. The effect of an anthrax vaccine for animals was first demonstrated by Louis Pasteur back in 1881, and a vaccine for humans was developed in 1954.

In Russia, for the prevention of anthrax, the live dry anthrax vaccine is used for subcutaneous and scarification use. For its preparation, a persistent non-capsular version of anthrax bacilli is used, which lacks the ability to cause disease in humans and farm animals. The finished product is a dried suspension of live spores of the vaccine strain.

Timing, methods, doses

Only a veterinarian sets the exact dates for cattle vaccination. According to generally accepted standards, adult animals are vaccinated once a year. Vaccination of young animals is carried out according to the scheme.

Graft	Term
First	At 3 pm
Second	In 6 months
Subsequent	Unified vaccination scheme for young and adult cattle.

Animals are vaccinated in two ways:

1. Intradermal. The solution is injected into the area where there is no hair. Requires 2 cu. see means.
2. Classic subcutaneous. Inserted into the middle part of the neck. A standard animal requires 1 cu. see vaccines.

Only the veterinarian determines the amount of vaccine and the injection site.

In what case and who should be vaccinated?

Not all people are vaccinated, but only those whose activities in one way or another involve a high risk of infection. Vaccination is also carried out routinely and according to epidemic indications.

According to infectious disease doctor Sofia Rusanova , only certain categories of citizens are vaccinated against anthrax. “Preventive measures are carried out only as planned for persons in certain professions who are at increased risk of contracting anthrax. These are citizens working with live anthrax crops, veterinary workers and other persons who are engaged in slaughtering and keeping livestock, butchering carcasses, skinning, etc.,” says Rusanova.

Article on the topic

Anthrax: symptoms and prevention. INFOGRAPHICS

Routine vaccination in Russia is also regularly carried out for persons working with live cultures of the anthrax causative agent, with infected laboratory animals, and for those who conduct research on materials contaminated with the causative agent of this disease.

For everyone else, Rusanova says, there is no point in getting vaccinated. “If you don’t skin or butcher the animal, you can’t get this disease. Even if a person lives in an endemic area, but does not care for a sick person, he cannot become infected. There is no risk. This is not the same infection,” says Rusanova.

Attempts to prevent infectious diseases, in many ways reminiscent of the methodology that was adopted in the 18th century, were made in ancient times. In China, vaccination against smallpox has been known since the 11th century. BC e., and it was carried out by inserting a piece of cloth soaked with the contents of smallpox pustules into the nose of a healthy child. Sometimes dry smallpox crusts were also used. One of the Indian texts of the 5th century spoke of a way to combat smallpox: “Using a surgical knife, take smallpox matter either from the udder of a cow or from the hand of an already infected person, make a puncture between the elbow and shoulder on the other person’s hand until it bleeds, and when pus will enter the body with blood, a fever will appear.”

There were folk ways to combat smallpox in Russia. Since ancient times, in the Kazan province, smallpox scabs were ground into powder, inhaled, and then steamed in a bathhouse. This helped some, and the illness was mild; for others, it all ended very sadly.

It was not possible to defeat smallpox for a long time, and it reaped a rich, mournful harvest in the Old World, and then in the New. Smallpox claimed millions of lives throughout Europe. Representatives of the reigning houses - Louis XV, Peter II - also suffered from it. And there was no effective way to combat this scourge.

An effective way to combat smallpox was inoculation (artificial infection). In the 18th century it became “fashionable” in Europe. Entire armies, as was the case with George Washington's troops, were subjected to mass inoculation. The first persons of the states demonstrated the effectiveness of this method. In France, in 1774, the year Louis XV died of smallpox, his son Louis XVI was inoculated.

Shortly before, under the impression of previous smallpox epidemics, Empress Catherine II sought the services of an experienced British inoculator, Thomas Dimmesdale. On October 12, 1768, he inoculated the empress and heir to the throne, the future Emperor Paul I. Dimmesdale's inoculation was not the first done in the capital of the empire. Before him, the Scottish doctor Rogerson vaccinated the children of the British consul against smallpox, but this event did not receive any resonance, since it did not receive the attention of the empress. In the case of Dimmesdale, we were talking about the beginning of mass smallpox vaccination in Russia. In memory of this significant event, a silver medal was stamped with the image of Catherine the Great, the inscription “She set an example” and the date of the significant event. The doctor himself, in gratitude from the empress, received the title of hereditary baron, the title of life physician, the rank of full state councilor and a lifelong annual pension.

After successfully completing an exemplary grafting in St. Petersburg, Dimmesdale returned to his homeland, and in St. Petersburg the work he had begun was continued by his compatriot Thomas Goliday (Holiday). He became the first doctor of the Smallpox (Vaccination) House, where those who wished were vaccinated for free and were given a silver ruble with a portrait of the Empress as a reward. Goliday lived in St. Petersburg for a long time, became rich, bought a house on the English Embankment and received a plot of land on one of the islands of the Neva delta, which, according to legend, was named after him, converted into a more understandable Russian word “Goloday” (now Dekabristov Island).

But long-term and complete protection against smallpox was still not created. Only thanks to the English doctor Edward Jenner and the vaccination method he discovered, smallpox was defeated. Thanks to his powers of observation, Jenner spent several decades collecting information about the incidence of cowpox among milkmaids. An English doctor came to the conclusion that the contents of young immature cowpox pustules, which he called the word “vaccine,” prevent smallpox if it comes into contact with thrush, that is, during inoculation. This led to the conclusion that artificial infection with cowpox was a harmless and humane way to prevent smallpox. In 1796, Jenner conducted a human experiment by vaccinating an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps. Jenner subsequently discovered a way to preserve graft material by drying the contents of smallpox pustules and storing it in glass containers, which made it possible to transport the dry material to various regions.

The first vaccination against smallpox in Russia using his method was done in 1801 by Professor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin to the boy Anton Petrov, who, with the light hand of Empress Maria Feodorovna, received the surname Vaktsinov.

The vaccination process of that time was significantly different from modern smallpox vaccination. The vaccination material was the contents of the pustules of vaccinated children, a “humanized” vaccine, as a result of which there was a high risk of side infection with erysipelas, syphilis, etc. As a result of this, A. Negri proposed in 1852 to receive an anti-smallpox vaccine from vaccinated calves.

At the end of the 19th century, advances in experimental immunology made it possible to study the processes that occur in the body after vaccination. The outstanding French scientist, chemist and microbiologist, founder of scientific microbiology and immunology, Louis Pasteur, concluded that the vaccination method can be applied to the treatment of other infectious diseases.

Using the chicken cholera model, Pasteur first made an experimentally substantiated conclusion: “a new disease protects against subsequent ones.” He defined the absence of recurrence of an infectious disease after vaccination as “immunity.” In 1881 he discovered a vaccine against anthrax. Subsequently, an anti-rabies vaccine was developed, which made it possible to fight rabies. In 1885, Pasteur organized the world's first anti-rabies station in Paris. The second anti-rabies station was created in Russia by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and began to appear throughout Russia. In 1888, in Paris, with funds raised through international subscription, a special institute for the fight against rabies and other infectious diseases was created, which later received the name of its founder and first director. Thus, Pasteur’s discoveries laid the scientific foundations for the fight against infectious diseases by vaccination.

Discoveries by I.I. Mechnikov and P. Ehrlich made it possible to study the essence of the body’s individual immunity to infectious diseases. Through the efforts of these scientists, a coherent doctrine of immunity was created, and its authors I.I. Mechnikov and P. Erlich were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 (1908).

Thus, scientists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were able to study the nature of dangerous diseases and propose effective ways to prevent them. The fight against smallpox turned out to be the most successful, as the organizational foundations for combating this disease were laid. The smallpox eradication program was proposed in 1958 by the USSR delegation at the XI Assembly of the World Health Organization and was successfully implemented in the late 1970s. joint efforts of all countries of the world. As a result, smallpox was defeated. All this has made it possible to significantly reduce mortality in the world, especially among children, and increase life expectancy.

https://chroniki.org/

Rules and external manifestations

Vaccination of cattle must be accompanied by complete sanitation. The injection site should be treated with 70% ethyl alcohol. Equipment, syringes and needles must be disinfected both before and after vaccination.

Syringes and needles should not only be wiped with a special solution, the devices should be boiled in it for at least two hours. This is important so as not to introduce additional infections and not to give the immune system additional stress.

When a cow is vaccinated, a slight swelling may form at the injection site. Don't worry, it will go away in a few days. And you should pay attention to symptoms such as fever, weakness and severe swelling. In this case, the animal must be immediately isolated from the general herd and treated under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Useful documentation

Vaccinations against anthrax must be done under the supervision of a specialist. During the vaccine period, animals require close supervision. The veterinarian is obliged to monitor how the immune system reacts to the administered drug and take action at the slightest deviation from the norm.

The seriousness of this procedure is confirmed by the fact that a separate vaccination certificate is drawn up for each herd, which includes the date, number of vaccinated individuals, series and number of drugs used. This is done to be able to track untreated animals.

The certificate must be kept by the doctor for 2 years. Individuals who have not been vaccinated for any reason prohibiting vaccination are kept separately from the herd. They are subject to vaccination as soon as doctors allow the procedure. A separate act is drawn up for such livestock.