Colloidal silver - benefit or harm to the body

Pyoderma, or pustular skin diseases, are a group of skin diseases that develop when pyogenic microorganisms, mainly staphylococci and streptococci, penetrate the skin, and when the body’s defenses are reduced - due to the transformation of its own opportunistic microflora.

Usually the disease begins acutely and later often takes a chronic, relapsing course. The incidence of pyoderma is very high, causing 10-20% of cases of referral to a dermatologist. Among children, the incidence is higher than in adults, and accounts for 25-60% of the total number of dermatoses in childhood. Despite the fact that the autumn-winter months are considered to be the most favorable for the development of pustular diseases, the most common and severe forms are observed at the end of summer (especially after patients return from resorts).

Etiology

The main causative agents of the disease are gram-positive cocci: staphylococci ( Staphylococcus aureus, St. epidermidis

) and streptococci (
Streptococcus pyogenes
). Often both pathogens are detected simultaneously. Pyoderma can also be caused by other pathogens, such as pneumococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris.

In the development of acute pyoderma, the leading role belongs to staphylococci and streptococci, and with the development of chronic deep pyoderma, a mixed infection with the addition of gram-negative microflora comes to the fore.

Pathogenesis

Pyococci are very common in the environment, but not in all cases infectious agents are capable of causing disease. The pathogenesis of pyoderma should be considered as an interaction between a microorganism, a macroorganism and the external environment [1].

Microorganisms.

The skin of any person is covered with numerous bacteria and fungi, which form a unique microbiotic system - skin biocenosis.
Among the diversity of microorganisms of the biocenosis, three groups are conventionally distinguished: obligate (or resident, saprophytic) and facultative (or transient) and pathogenic. Obligate microflora includes microorganisms that are most adapted to exist in the human body and naturally occur on the skin. The main types of saprophytic microflora are Staphylococcus
spp.,
St.
epidermidis, Propionibacterium spp.,
Corynobacterium spp

Streptococcus spp
etc. Data from modern studies have demonstrated that the healthy condition of the skin largely depends on the density of the colonies of epidermal staphylococcus located on it.
The latter has antagonistic properties towards Staphylococcus aureus, selectively inhibits the growth of its colonies, and also reduces skin inflammation (blocks the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α) in pyoderma caused by group A streptococcus. Facultative microflora is temporary, optional and is determined by the microbial contamination of the environment. Transient microorganisms (for example, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae
) are not adapted to exist on the skin and quickly disappear under the influence of the bactericidal properties of the skin. The third group of microorganisms of the skin biocenosis are pathogenic microorganisms that directly cause the development of pustular diseases. The main causative agents of pyoderma are Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic β-streptococcus.

Staphylococcus

(from the Greek staphyle - bunch of grapes) have the shape of round balls with a diameter of 0.6-1 microns, which are arranged in groups, resembling bunches of grapes. Some strains of staphylococci have a capsule. Under the influence of penicillin and other substances, staphylococci can form L-forms. Staphylococci stain well with aniline dyes, are gram-positive, and are facultative anaerobes [2].

The genus of staphylococci, according to the classification of Bergey (1974), is divided into three species:

1) St. aureus

(Staphylococcus aureus);

2) St. epidermidis

(staphylococcus epidermidis);

3) St. saprophyticus

(saprophytic staphylococcus).

In the development of pyoderma and other inflammatory human diseases, the main role is played by Staphylococcus aureus, so named for its ability to produce golden pigment, and epidermal and saprophytic are permanent inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes.

The pathogenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus are due to the ability to produce exotoxins and aggressive enzymes. Currently, there are four types of staphylococcal toxins: alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ), gamma (γ). They are called hemolysins, being independent substances and causing lysis of red blood cells, they cause cytotoxic and necrotic effects, and have antigenic and immunogenic properties. It has also been established that pathogenic staphylococci secrete substances that have a detrimental effect on human leukocytes - leukocidins. Currently, four types of staphylococcal leukocidins have been described and all of them have antigenic properties.

Some pathogenic staphylococci have a special exfoliative exotoxin, which damages the desmosomes of the spinous layer and causes stratification of the epidermis, the formation of cracks and blisters, which leads to the development of epidermolytic pyoderma (for example, pemphigus of newborns, bullous impetigo, scarlet-like rash).

Toxic substances secreted by staphylococci also include aggressive enzymes: plasmacoagulase (causes early blockade of lymphatic vessels, leading to limitation of the spread of infection, which is clinically manifested as an infiltrative-necrotic type of inflammation), hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin and phosphatase, deoxyribonuclease, and so on. An interesting fact is that staphylococci can also produce antibiotic substances - bacteriocins (staphylocins), which not only suppress the growth of other strains of staphylococci, but also have an inhibitory effect on diphtheria bacilli, as well as various types of bacilli and clostridia.

A distinctive feature of staphylococci is the ability to quickly acquire resistance to antibiotics. Strains resistant to penicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics are especially common. This is explained by the fact that staphylococci produce the enzyme penicillinase. This group of antibiotic-resistant strains is called MRSA strains ( Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

). There is a constant increase in antibiotic resistance among microorganisms, especially among the population in developed countries [3-6].

Streptococci

- gram-positive microorganisms, have a spherical shape and are arranged in chains, do not form spores, and are mostly facultative aerobes. Streptococci are found less frequently in the external environment than staphylococci. According to the nature of growth on blood agar, streptococci are divided into hemolytic, viridian and non-hemolytic. The pathogenicity of streptococci is largely due to extracellular toxins: streptolysins (hemolysins), leukocidin, necrotoxin, lethal toxin, erythrogenic toxins and many others. In addition, other toxic substances have been found in streptococci.

The main ones include the following enzymes: hyaluronidase (streptohyaluronidase), fibrinolysin (streptokinase), proteinase. In patients with streptococcal infections, antibodies to streptohyaluronidase, streptokinase, O-streptolysin, and proteinase are detected. The antigenic characteristics of streptococci are determined by various insoluble antigens associated with the microbial cell: substance P, which promotes sensitization of the body, and protective antibodies to this antigen are not produced, which is why sensitization increases with repeated infection with streptococci; group antigen of the C- and M-substance, with which the virulence of the microbe is associated. Autoimmune processes play a role in the development of rheumatic disease. Thus, during the chronic course of streptococcal infection, autoantigens appear in the patient’s body, in response to which autoantibodies are formed, leading to the development of autoimmune diseases (rheumatism, vasculitis, etc.).

Due to the effects of toxins, the permeability of the vascular wall sharply increases and the release of plasma into the interstitial space is noted, which leads to the formation of edema, and then blisters filled with serous exudate. Streptoderma is characterized by an exudative-serous type of inflammatory reaction.

Streptococci, especially group A, are highly sensitive to penicillin and, unlike staphylococci, as a rule do not acquire resistance to it.

According to the classification of Schottmuller (1903) and Brown (1915), all streptococci are divided into three groups (depending on hemolytic activity):

1) Streptococcus haemolyticus

(hemolytic β-streptococcus) - is of greatest importance in the development of pyoderma;

2) Streptococcus viridans

(viridans α-streptococcus);

3) Streptococcus anhaemolyticus

(non-hemolytic γ-streptococcus).

However, it has been established that diseases are caused not only by hemolytic streptococci. In addition, hemolytic streptococci may be non-pathogenic. The classification proposed by Lensfield (1933) and Griffiths (1935), based on the antigenic structure of streptococci, turned out to be more advanced. According to this classification, all streptococci were divided according to group C-antigen into 17 groups - from A to S. Groups A, B, C and D are of greatest importance.

Group A included most types pathogenic to humans. Serological group B includes both saprophytic and pathogenic types.

Macroorganism.

The natural protective mechanisms of the macroorganism are largely determined by the morphofunctional characteristics of human skin.

1. The impermeability of the intact stratum corneum to microorganisms is achieved due to the tight fit of the stratum corneum to each other. Of great importance is the constant exfoliation of the cells of the stratum corneum, with which a large number of microorganisms are removed.

2. The acid mantle of the skin is formed by a mixture of sebum and sweat, in which a large proportion is made up of organic acids - lactic, citric and others. The acid mantle on the surface of the skin (pH ≈ 5.5) is an unfavorable background for the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.

3. The skin and bacterial cell have a positive electrical charge, which also helps remove microorganisms from the surface of the epidermis.

4. Antimicrobial peptides produced by epidermal cells (such as cathelicidin, α- and β-defensin, lactoferrin, granulysin, perforin, RANTES, lysozyme, dermicidin, RNAase-7, psoriasin, CXCL9, chromogranin B, substance P and others) , protect the skin from pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides are amphipathic molecules with a positive electrical charge [7, 8].

5. Immunological protective mechanisms carried out by Langerhans and Greenstein cells in the epidermis, basophils, tissue macrophages, T-lymphocytes in the dermis.

Factors that reduce the resistance of the macroorganism include the following:

1) chronic diseases of internal organs: endocrinopathies (diabetes mellitus, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, obesity), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, neuropathy, liver disease, hypovitaminosis, acute renal failure, peripheral vascular insufficiency, cancer;

2) chronic intoxication (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, occupational hazards, dysbacteriosis, etc.);

3) chronic infectious diseases (for example, tonsillitis, caries, infections of the urogenital tract);

4) congenital or acquired immunodeficiency (primary immunodeficiency, HIV infection, etc.); immunodeficiency states contribute to the long-term course of bacterial processes in the skin and the frequent development of relapses;

5) long-term and irrational use (both general and external) of antibacterial agents leads to disruption of the skin biocenosis, and corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drugs lead to a decrease in the immunological protective mechanisms in the skin;

6) age characteristics of patients: children and old age.

External environment.

Negative environmental factors include:

1) pollution and massive infection by pathogenic microorganisms in violation of the sanitary and hygienic regime;

2) influence of physical factors:

- high temperature and high humidity lead to maceration of the skin (violation of the integrity of the stratum corneum), expansion of the mouths of the sweat glands, as well as to the rapid hematogenous spread of the infectious process through dilated vessels;

- at low temperatures, there is a narrowing of the skin capillaries, a decrease in the rate of metabolic processes in the skin, dryness of the stratum corneum and the appearance of microcracks on its surface;

3) violation of the integrity of the skin; It was found that the adhesion of St. aureus

is possible only when keratinocytes are damaged in the presence of fibronectin cell wall components as a result of:

- injuries (cuts, bites, burns, etc.);

— microtraumatization of the skin, which often appears during production activities (injections, cuts, scratching, abrasions, burns, frostbite);

— conditions in which thinning of the stratum corneum of the skin occurs, which also “opens” the entrance gate for coccal microflora;

- itchy dermatoses (for example, atopic dermatitis, scabies).

Thus, changes in the reactivity of the macroorganism, the pathogenicity of microorganisms and the unfavorable influence of the external environment play an important role in the development of pyoderma.

The management of patients with pyoderma seems simple only at first glance, since for the success of therapy, the dermatologist needs to decide which pathogenetic factors for each patient are the most significant in the development of the infectious process.

Thus, in patients with acute pyoderma, the pathogenicity of the coccal flora and irritating environmental factors are of greatest importance. These diseases are often contagious, especially for young children (for example, bullous impetigo, epidemic pemphigus of newborns). They are often widespread and accompanied by febrile fever and leukocytosis [1].

Dermatologists should pay special attention to patients with secondary forms of pustular diseases developing on altered skin. In this group of patients, the main pathogenetic factor is a violation of the integrity of the skin barrier, which creates an entry point for infection. Skin infection in patients with xerosis has been well described. In patients with itchy dermatoses (for example, atopic dermatitis, eczema), both a violation of the integrity of the skin due to the presence of cracks, excoriations, and a decrease in local protective mechanisms, for example, with long-term use of corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors by patients, may be significant in the development of the disease. It has long been noted that with parasitic diseases such as scabies and pediculosis, it is impossible to cure pyoderma without treating the underlying disease. Often it is this fact that makes it necessary to reconsider the initial diagnosis and begin treatment with acaricidal or anti-pediculosis drugs, followed by the addition of antimicrobial therapy.

In the development of chronic recurrent, especially deep, pyoderma, the main role is played by a change in the reactivity of the body, a weakening of its protective properties (immunosuppression, somatic diseases, chronic intoxication). In most cases, the cause of such pyoderma is a mixed flora (opportunistic microorganisms and MRSA are often isolated). In the peri-focal zone, during the chronic course of pyoderma, selection of staphylococcal strains with high persistent properties and antibiotic resistance occurs [9].

The contagiousness of patients with chronic pyoderma is significantly lower than with acute pustular skin lesions. Successful therapy for this category of patients is impossible without correction of the underlying disease: diabetes mellitus, vascular insufficiency, immunodeficiency.

The healing properties of silver in history

The healing properties of silver have been known since time immemorial.
Herodotus spoke about the storage of water by the army of the Persian king Cyrus the Great in silver vessels, which made it drinkable for a long time. During one of the campaigns, the army of Alexander the Great managed to avoid an epidemic of intestinal diseases by using silver dishes to store water.

Ayurvedic literature describes a quick way to disinfect water by immersing hot silver in it. Hippocrates was already aware of the ability of silver to inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.

The famous ancient Roman scientist Guy Pliny the Elder in his “Encyclopedia of Natural Sciences” reported that silver plates or coins applied to wounds promote their speedy healing. At one time, Egyptian warriors applied thin plates of silver to wounds to help them heal faster.

The sacred river for Hindus, the Ganges, in its upper reaches flows through silver deposits and is saturated with silver ions and clusters, which largely determines its “holiness”. The concentration of silver in certain places where pilgrims bathe is quite significant - about 0.4 mg/l.

The Indians treated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract by swallowing small lumps of silver leaf.

The use of silver utensils and attributes of worship in Christianity are also largely associated with the antiseptic effect of silver and its salts.

Silver in medicine

In the Middle Ages, alchemists and healers widely used silver preparations in their potions, in particular, “hell stone” (silver nitrate). The outstanding physician Philip Theofast von Hohenheim (Paracelsus 1493 - 1541) successfully treated many diseases, including jaundice and epilepsy, with drugs containing silver.

In the formulations of oriental medicine - Tibetan, Chinese, Indian, Thai - silver salts and metallic silver were also used.

In the 19th century, Joseph Lister introduced into surgical practice the method of antiseptic treatment of wounds and mucous membranes with silver nitrate. In 1881, the outstanding German obstetrician-gynecologist Karl Crede proposed a method of using eye drops based on a 1-2% aqueous solution of silver nitrate to prevent blennorrhea in newborns. A few years later, Bene Crede introduced the practice of treating infected wounds with solutions and ointments based on silver lactate and citrate, which were less irritating than lapis.

In 1894, Schering created the drug Argentamine, containing a complex silver phosphate salt, which was used to treat gonorrhea.

In the early 20th century, silver gained approval as an antibacterial and antimicrobial agent. Doctors used it as drops for eye inflammation and various infections. Sometimes internally for diseases such as colds, trophic aphthae, epilepsy and gonorrhea.

In 1939, Holm and Pollsbury listed 94 recipes for preparing solutions of silver salts as antiseptic and antibacterial drugs.

However, the advent of antibiotics in the late 30s pushed silver into oblivion for a long time. It was not until the 1960s that Moyer revived interest in silver nitrate as an effective antiseptic.

Currently, colloidal silver has become widely used in medicine.

What is colloidal silver?

Colloidal silver is small particles of metallic silver, ranging in size from 1 nm to several microns, forming a colloidal solution (sol) in a liquid medium. Silver particles are a “generator” of silver ions. And, the smaller the particle size, the more pronounced the antimicrobial effect of silver.

Colloidal solutions of silver are unstable; over time, silver particles stick together in clusters and precipitate - they coagulate. Adding stabilizers to a colloidal solution makes it possible to obtain colloidal silver solutions that are stable for a long time (up to several years).

A highly dispersed, stable colloidal metallic silver, known as collargol, was developed in 1895 by Bene Credé and chemists. This substance did not cause irritation. A few years later, another colloidal silver preparation was put into production - protargol.

In 1910, she summarized the experience and methods of using silver in medicine in the treatment of abscesses, typhoid and relapsing fever, pneumonia, paranasal sinuses, middle ear, gingivitis, gonococcal sepsis, diphtheria toad, dysentery, keratitis, conjunctivitis, leprosy, chancroid, mastitis , meningitis, epilepsy, pyemia, erysipelas, anthrax, syphilitic ulcers, tabes dorsalis, acute articular rheumatism, trachoma, pharyngitis, furunculosis, cystitis, endocrditis, endometritis, chorea, epididymitis, corneal ulcers.

Currently, colloidal silver is not listed as an approved drug in the US Pharmacopoeia. However, in the 1990s, several companies resumed production of colloidal silver, taking advantage of its classification as a "dietary additive" that does not require FDA approval. The FDA reiterated its views by issuing a circular in 1999 warning about the potential toxicity of products containing silver and the falsehood of claims that they are completely safe.

Method of application and dosage of colloidal silver at a concentration of 10 ppm

The dosage and method of using colloidal silver differ depending on the disease.

Optimal dose for internal use:

• For adults – 1 tsp. The drug should be held under the tongue for 30 seconds and swallowed.
• For children – 1/2 tsp, use similarly.
• Calculation by weight – 5 mcg of colloidal silver per 1 kg of weight per day (5 mcg/kg/day).

In addition to internal use, the drug is used externally as an antiseptic. It is used to treat wounds, microdamages of the skin, ulcers, abrasions, and boils. Due to its absolute safety, colloidal silver is widely used in pediatrics, starting from the 1st day of life of newborns. A non-toxic drug is instilled into the baby’s eyes immediately after birth to prevent conjunctivitis and to treat the navel.

How to use colloidal silver for treatment:

• Diarrhea, abdominal pain

  . From 5 to 25 ml of the drug 1-5 times a day until complete cure. There is evidence of complete recovery in one day after the patient took 10 ml 3 times a day (2 tsp).

• Bronchitis.

  From 5 to 25 ml of silver, 1-5 rubles/day until recovery. Patients recovered within 3 days after using 1 tsp. funds 2 rubles/day. Additional inhalations with colloidal silver, guided by an ultrasound device, speed up recovery in severe cases, as well as when various combinations of antibiotics are ineffective.

• Vaginal candidiasis (thrush).

  From 5 to 25 ml of silver, 1-5 rubles/day as part of douching, as well as 2 tsp. orally 2 rubles/day. The effect occurs after 6 days.

• Conjunctivitis

  . Instilling several drops of colloidal silver into the eyes from 1 to 5 rubles/day becomes effective after 2 days.

• Incised wounds, infectious process when the skin is damaged (inflammation, abscesses, addition of staphylococcal infection).

  Apply 1 tsp to the damaged area. (5 ml) 1 to 5 times a day.

• Otitis.

  Place 2 drops of silver into the affected ear from 1 to 5 rubles/day. The full course of treatment is 4 days.

• Fungal skin infections

  . Apply 10 ml (2 tsp) of silver to the affected area 1 to 5 times a day. Usually 3 times are enough, the course of treatment is 8 days.

• Gingivitis, halitosis

  . Rinse your mouth with colloidal silver from 1 to 5 rubles/day. Treatment of gingivitis will take up to 3 days; halitosis will resolve within 24 hours.

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• Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs

  . Use 5 to 25 ml (1-5 tsp) to irrigate the vagina 1 to 5 times a day. The effect is noticeable after 5 days.

• Pharyngitis

  . Gargle 1-5 times a day, using 2 tsp. colloidal silver. The course of treatment is 6 days.

• Rhinitis, sinusitis

  . Instill 2 drops of colloid into the nasal passages, 3 times a day. Recovery occurs after 4 days.

• Tonsillitis

  . Gargle 3 times a day for a week.

• Infections of the excretory system

  . Take 2 tsp. (10 ml) of the drug 3 times/day. The course of treatment does not exceed 6 days.

Colloidal silver simultaneously kills pathogenic microflora and heals inflammatory foci created in connection with its vital activity. This gives excellent results in the treatment of erosive gastritis, cholecystitis, aphthous stomatitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Silver is active against Helicobacter pylori, which makes it possible to treat chronic ulcerative processes.

Colloidal silver has an excellent effect in the treatment of intestinal infections. Everyone knows that antibiotic treatment leads to unpleasant and sometimes harmful consequences. Dysbacteriosis occurs, which the patient may not be aware of for some time, attributing digestive problems to an incomplete recovery. This is caused by the destruction of both pathogenic and beneficial microflora. One can compare such an impact to the movement of a tank, crushing all living things indiscriminately. By destroying only pathogenic microflora, colloidal silver preserves the functions of the intestine, its ability to normally complete the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients.

The use of colloidal solutions will give a positive result both in the treatment of acute intestinal infections caused by putrefactive and fermentative microorganisms, and in the complex therapy of chronic diseases: enteritis, colitis, proctitis. In gynecology, colloidal silver is used for sanitation before labor, for vaginitis and colpitis of bacterial origin. Due to its healing properties, it is widely used for cervical erosion. For nursing women, this is an indispensable tool in the fight against cracked nipples. There is also a wide range of uses of colloidal silver solutions for prostatitis. The ability to destroy burn pathogenic flora allows the use of colloidal silver in the treatment of burn wounds and significantly reduce mortality from burns.

Action of silver

Silver is unique in that it kills about 650 different pathogens of all major types:

• bacteria;
• mushrooms and yeast;
• viruses;
• protozoa.

95% of herpes virus strains are sensitive to silver.

The wide spectrum of antimicrobial action of silver, the lack of resistance to it in most pathogenic microorganisms, low toxicity, lack of allergenicity, and good tolerability contribute to increased interest in its use.

The founder of the study of the mechanism of action of silver on microbial cells is the Swiss botanist Karl Nägeli, who in the 80s of the 19th century established that the death of microbial cells is caused by silver ions. He proved that silver exhibits toxic effects only in ionized form. Subsequently, his data were confirmed by other researchers.

The German scientist Vincent found that silver has the most powerful bactericidal effect, while copper and gold have less. The diphtheria bacillus died on the silver plate after 3 days, on the copper plate after 6 days, on the gold plate after 8 days. Staphylococcus died on silver after 2 days, on copper - 3 days, on gold - after 9 days. The typhoid bacillus on silver and copper died after 18 hours, on gold - after 6-7 days.

The bactericidal effect of silver is 1750 times stronger than carbolic acid and 3.5 times stronger than sublimate and bleach. The bactericidal effect of silver is much broader than many antibiotics and sulfonamides. V.S. Bryzgunov discovered that silver has a more powerful antimicrobial effect than penicillin, biomycin and other antibiotics, and has an effect on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Silver ions have different effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli - from bacteriostatic (inhibition of reproduction) to bactericidal (killing microbes). In relation to Staphylococcus aureus and many cocci, it sometimes significantly exceeds the effect of antibiotics.

It has been established that silver ions have a pronounced ability to inactivate vaccinia viruses, influenza strains A1, B, some entero- and adenoviruses, as well as block HIV and have a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of Marburg virus disease, viral enteritis and distemper in dogs. At the same time, the advantage of colloidal silver therapy compared to standard therapy was revealed.

For complete inactivation of bacteriophage Escherichia coli No. 163, Coxsackie virus serotypes A5, A7, A14, a higher concentration of silver (500-5000 μg/l) is required than for Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella and other intestinal bacteria (100-200 μg/l) .

Silver in the form of intravenous administration has been successfully used in the treatment of septic arthritis, rheumatism, rheumatic endocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, influenza, acute respiratory diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia, purulent septic diseases, brucellosis, orally - in the treatment of gastritis, anastomositis, gastroduodenal ulcers , externally - in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, purulent wounds and burns.

Pathogenic microflora is more sensitive to silver ions than non-pathogenic microflora. Based on this fact, Yu.P. Back in 1971, Mironenko developed a method for treating dysbiosis with a silver solution (concentration 500 μg/l).

In all cases, the higher the concentration of silver ions, the greater the bactericidal effect of silver.

The incidence of acute pathology of the ENT organs is quite high and amounts to 6–8 people per 1000 population in the autumn-winter period. In the summer months, this figure is 2–3 people per 1000 population and continues to grow [1–3]. Also, recently there has been an acute global trend towards an increase in the incidence of children. Every year in Russia, up to 65–72 thousand cases of acute respiratory infection are registered per 100 thousand children, and 50–65% of all cases occur in the group of frequently ill children, i.e. having an incidence of diseases up to 6–8 times a year [4]. Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the ENT organs is accompanied by an increasing pathological process involving tissue, cellular and immune mechanisms. In this case, within a short period of time, a transition from acute inflammation to chronic occurs, when the mucous membrane persistently loses its morphophysiological properties [5]. In this regard, timely diagnosis, adequate treatment and prevention of acute infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT) are of particular importance [6, 7].

Acute diseases of the pharynx, such as acute tonsillitis and acute pharyngitis, are among the most common community-acquired infectious diseases. According to the World Health Organization, up to 15 million people in the United States visit their primary care physicians each year with complaints of sore throat. This complaint is the most common reason for outpatient visits to medical care [3, 9]. It should be noted that in the Russian Federation in 1994, compared with previous years, the primary detection rate of acute rheumatic fever increased from 0.06 to 0.16 in children and from 0.08 to 0.17 in adults [1].

Among the bacterial pathogens of acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis, group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is of paramount importance. This microorganism is associated with 5 to 15% of cases of acute pharyngeal diseases in adults and 20–30% in pediatric practice. Rare bacterial pathogens include streptococci of groups C and G, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Arcanabacterium haemolyticum, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia [3, 9, 11], even more rare pathogens are spirochetes (Simanovsky-Plaut-Vincent angina) and anaerobes. However, the main role as causative agents of URT diseases belongs to respiratory viruses, less commonly enteroviruses (Coxsackie B), and the Epstein–Barr virus [1, 10]. It should not be forgotten that a sore throat can be one of the symptoms of diphtheria and gonorrhea [3, 12]. Considering the fungal etiology of acute diseases of the pharynx, it is necessary to emphasize that in the general structure of mycotic lesions, the advantage remains with yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida (93%) [1].

The prevalence of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis is also extremely high. According to WHO data, in European countries, rhinosinusitis occurs annually in every seventh resident, and in the United States, this disease is diagnosed in 16% of adults [13]. In the Russian Federation, up to 10 million cases of acute rhinosinusitis are registered annually [14], but it should be remembered that not all cases are recorded due to the lack of visits to a doctor for mild forms of the disease. Acute rhinosinusitis ranks fifth in the frequency of prescription of antibacterial drugs, accounting for 9 to 21% of antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric practice, and often this therapy is not justified (in cases of non-associated bacterial flora) [15, 16]. This fact must be taken into account when assessing the costs of very expensive treatment. Thus, in the USA, the costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology amount to $5.8 billion, and of this amount, 1.8 billion, or 30.6%, are incurred by children under 12 years of age [16, 17].

According to the consensus documents on acute rhinosinusitis (EPOS, 2012), viral, post-viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis are distinguished.

In 90–98% of cases, acute rhinosinusitis has a viral etiology. Secondary bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses after a viral infection develops in 0.5–2% of adults and 5% of children [4, 6, 13]. Among bacterial pathogens, the most significant currently are the so-called. respiratory pathogens – S. pneumoniae (19–47%), Haemophilus influenzae (26–47%), association of these pathogens (about 7%), less often – β-hemolytic streptococci not belonging to group A (1.5–13% ), S. pyogenes (5-9%), non-beta-hemolytic streptococci (5%), Staphylococcus aureus (2%), Moraxella catarrhalis (1%), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1%). We must not forget about the facultative anaerobic microflora (Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, as well as Prevotella and Porphyromonas), which is involved in maintaining active inflammation in the sinuses and contributing to the development of chronic inflammation [18–20].

Recently, in the development of acute rhinosinusitis in both adults and children, there has been an increase of up to 10% in the proportion of atypical pathogens (chlamydia, mycoplasma) [20].

Thus, the issue of choosing a rational treatment for URT diseases is extremely relevant. This is due not only to the increasing incidence of this pathology, but also to the frequent unreasonable prescription of systemic antibacterial drugs, which can lead to the development of adverse consequences, including the emergence of a large number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. In this regard, the treatment approach must be justified from the point of view of evidence-based medicine [1, 3, 9, 14]. There are not many drugs that are effective and safe when used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in adults and children, so the issue of using different groups of drugs with antibacterial activity is acute. This is confirmed by domestic clinical recommendations of 2014 on the advisability of using topical anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiseptic agents for these diseases [21].

Recent studies show that silver particles are harmful to a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition, there are reports of antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of silver [6].

It should be noted that metals and their compounds have been used in medicine since ancient times. Thus, the practice of using silver as a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory agent dates back more than 20 centuries. Even in Ancient Egypt and Rome, silver plates were applied to wounds to speed up their healing. Noble Roman legionnaires wore breastplates and elbow pads made of silver, and in case of injury, the touch of the armor protected against infection. Silver’s ability to disinfect water has also been widely used for several millennia.

Alchemist doctors Jan Baptist van Helmont and Francis de la Boe Sylvius used silver nitrate (lapis) back in the 17th century. In 1902, the German chemist Karl Paal synthesized collargol, consisting of finely dispersed silver stabilized by albumin.

In the 19th century It was found that it is not silver itself that has healing properties, but its ions. Raulin (1869), von Behring (1890) and von Nageli (1893) were the first to study the effects of small amounts of silver and silver nitrate on bacteria and fungi. In 1897, BC Crede began research on the creation and use of silver compounds against infections in wound care at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Crede's antiseptic (silver nitrate powder) and his ointment (containing colloidal silver) were used to treat wounds and skin diseases.

At the beginning of the 20th century. a way was found to make silver safer for tissues - to include it in compounds, in particular protein ones. In the USA, silver proteinate has been produced since 1938 in the form of solutions of different concentrations (1, 10, 15% in vials and dropper tubes) [22, 23].

In domestic otorhinolaryngology, local antiseptic preparations based on silver proteinate have been successfully used for many years. Silver proteinate has anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, astringent effects.

The anti-inflammatory effect of silver proteinate on the damaged mucous membrane is based on the formation of a protective film that occurs due to the precipitation of proteins with silver. This film helps reduce the sensitivity of the mucous membrane and activates a cascade of vasoconstriction, which leads to a slowdown in inflammatory reactions.

The antimicrobial effect of silver ions is based on their binding to bacterial DNA and preventing their proliferation on mucous membranes [24]. It should be noted that silver ions, which are part of silver proteinate, have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, M. catarrhalis, fungal flora, and also prevent subsequent sedimentation of microorganisms on the surface of the mucous membrane [6, 25].

To date, a number of clinical studies have been conducted on the effectiveness and antimicrobial activity of silver proteinate. Based on the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after. N.F. Gamaleya, an in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of a silver proteinate preparation for topical use in the form of a 2% aqueous solution was carried out against the main bacterial pathogens of URT diseases: Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, S. cohnii), Streptococcus spp. (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes), H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria spp. (N. subflava), Burkholderia cenocepacia with a quantitative content of these pathogens of 103–107 CFU/ml with determination of minimum bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations, resistance of microorganisms to the drug [6, 27]. During the study, it was found that silver proteinate has a bactericidal effect against all strains used in this work. It has also been shown that pathogenic microflora are more sensitive to silver ions than non-pathogenic microflora, and this allows silver proteinate to act selectively without disrupting natural microbial processes [26]. Thus, silver proteinate has bactericidal properties against all major pathogens of acute infectious diseases of the respiratory tract.

Research on the antifungal effect of silver proteinate is reflected in the works of A.I. Kryukova et al. (2004). A comparative analysis of the effect of local antiseptics was carried out: silver proteinate, benzene dimethyl ammonium chloride monohydrate, chlorhexidine and photodynamic therapy on a multidrug-resistant strain of Candida tropicalis isolated from a sick child with fungal adenoiditis. The ability of antiseptics to inactivate a suspension of spores of the C. tropicalis strain after preliminary incubation with a methylene blue solution at a concentration of 5 μmol/L was assessed. The authors determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the studied antiseptics, in particular 0.1% silver proteinate solution.

Previously, it was assumed that silver proteinate solution does not affect viruses, and therefore it is not prescribed in the acute phase of viral infections. However, when studying its effect in various concentrations on cell cultures, inhibition of the reproduction of viruses causing infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea was noted at a concentration of 0.25–0.5% [26].

The disadvantage of the silver proteinate solution used since 1964 is its low availability due to limited production and short shelf life (30 days) [6].

This was the impetus for the development of a new dosage form for topical use in the form of a tablet for the preparation of a 2% solution, which was patented in 2013. Thanks to the possibility of industrial production and a long shelf life (2 years), the developed dosage form of silver proteinate is much more accessible for widespread use . One package contains: a tablet for preparing the solution, a solvent, a bottle with a pipette cap or a spray nozzle. Does not contain preservatives. After opening the blister, the tablet must be used within an hour. To prepare the solution, you must use only the solvent included in the kit. The process of preparing a 2% silver proteinate solution is extremely simple and takes a few minutes. The drug is approved for use by children from birth. Contraindications to the administration of silver proteinate solution are individual hypersensitivity and pregnancy. Registered side effects include burning, itching, and moderate dryness of the mucous membranes [27].

Thus, a new standardized form of silver proteinate for self-preparation combines positive effects (antibacterial, fungicidal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory) with accessibility and ease of use. This allows the use of silver proteinate solution as an important component of the complex treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

The mechanism of the bactericidal action of silver

Among the theories explaining the mechanism of action of silver on microorganisms, the most popular is the adsorption theory, according to which the cell loses viability as a result of the interaction between positively charged silver ions and bacterial cells that have a negative charge, and when silver is adsorbed by the bacterial cell.

Perhaps the protoplasm of bacteria is oxidized and destroyed by oxygen dissolved in water, with silver playing the role of a catalyst.

Voraz and Tofern (1957) explained the antimicrobial effect of silver by the inactivation of enzymes containing SH and COOH groups, and Tonley K. and Wilson N. - by a violation of its osmotic balance. There is evidence of the formation of complexes of nucleic acids with heavy metals, as a result of which the stability of DNA and the viability of the bacterium are disrupted. It is also believed that silver increases the number of free radicals in the cell, which disrupt the metabolism in the bacterial cell.

It is also assumed that one of the reasons for the broad antimicrobial effect of silver ions is the inhibition of transmembrane transport of Na+ and Ca++. Thus, the mechanism of action of silver on a microbial cell is that silver ions are sorbed by the cell membrane of the bacterium. In this case, some of its functions, such as division, are disrupted. If silver penetrates inside a microbial cell, it can inhibit enzymes of the respiratory chain, and also uncouples the processes of oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation, as a result of which the cell dies (bactericidal effect).

The effect of silver on the human body

It was found that silver nanoparticles, even at a higher dosage, did not have a negative effect on the microflora of the intestines and stomach; moreover, an increase in the population of lactic acid bacteria was noted. In other words, preventive and therapeutic dosages of colloidal silver, sufficient to actively suppress pathogenic bacteria, do not have any negative effect on normal microflora, and even contribute to the normalization of microbiocenosis.

Silver ions take part in the metabolic processes of the body. Depending on the concentration, its cations can either stimulate or inhibit the activity of a number of enzymes. Under the influence of silver, the intensity of oxidative phosphorylation in brain mitochondria doubles, and the content of nucleic acids also increases, which improves brain function. When various tissues are incubated in a physiological solution containing 0.001 μg/l of silver cation, oxygen absorption by brain tissue increases by 24%. Increasing the concentration of silver ions to 0.01 μg/l reduced the degree of oxygen absorption by the cells of these organs.

A.A. Maslenko showed that long-term human consumption of drinking water containing 50 µg/l of silver (maximum permissible concentration level) does not cause deviations from the norm in the function of the digestive organs. No changes in the activity of enzymes characterizing liver function were detected in the blood serum. No pathological changes were also detected in the condition of other human organs and systems when drinking water with a concentration of 100 μg/l of silver ions for 15 days, that is, twice the permissible norms.

Long-term use of silver can lead to its deposition (in the form of sulfide or metallic silver) in the superficial layers of the skin - argyria.

In the Russian Federation, the adequate consumption level for silver in salts is 30 mcg, and the maximum permissible level is 70 mcg.

Exchange of silver in the body

Silver belongs to the group of evenly distributed bioelements; it does not accumulate in significant quantities in the internal organs and environments of the body either during single or repeated administrations and does not have a cumulative effect. Silver preparations are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (on average - about 7%). Silver is excreted primarily through the gastrointestinal tract, and partly through the urine.

When taken orally, the elimination of silver ends on days 6-7. When administered parenterally (intratracheally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly), silver is retained at the injection site, creates a “depot”, absorbed in small quantities into the blood, and is excreted by the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys for a long time (up to 60 days). In an experiment on repeated intragastric administration of silver, its elimination increases synchronously with the administration. After completing multiple doses, silver is completely eliminated within a week, as with a single dose.

Currently, silver is considered not just as a metal capable of killing microbes, but as a trace element, which is a necessary and permanent component of the tissues of any animal and plant organism. According to A.I. Voinara, the average human daily diet should contain about 90 mcg of silver ions. In the body of animals and humans, the silver content is 20 mcg per 100 g of dry matter. The brain, endocrine glands, liver, kidneys and skeletal bones are richest in silver.

According to WHO, the average consumption of silver by a modern person is approximately 5-8 mcg per day, while the recommended daily intake of silver (vital dose) is 50-100 mcg.

Thus, silver can be considered not only as a means of preventing and treating infection, but also as a bioelement necessary for the normal functioning of internal organs and systems, as well as a powerful immune booster.

Contraindications

There are practically no allergic reactions to silver (except for people whose activities are directly related to increased concentrations of this metal), since its formula is very simple; there is nothing here except suspended tiny particles of silver . If you have an allergic reaction to silver jewelry, the cause may be the nickel impurities it contains.

I would also like to mention the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction - this is a temporary worsening of the symptoms of patients at the beginning of treatment with colloidal silver. And this happens as a result of the accumulation of toxic substances by the body from quickly dying in a large number of bad bacteria due to treatment. These consequences manifest themselves in the form of increased fatigue, reminiscent of the symptoms of influenza and viral infections. In this case, it is better to temporarily stop taking silver until the condition improves.

The question of taking a colloidal silver solution is a personal choice for each person, but I, for my part, informed about all the pros and cons of the product, shared links to English-language resources with numerous studies and, importantly, the criteria for choosing a high-quality, safe product.

Good health to everyone!

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Areas of application of silver

Surgery

• Purulent-septic postoperative complication and infectious wounds, felons;
• phlegmon and abscess;
• diabetic and trophic ulcers;
• wound, bedsores, osteomyelitis, fistula;
• carbuncle and boil, prevention and treatment of purulent-inflammatory post-burn complications.

Traumatology

• Cut, bruise, contusion, swelling, inflammatory lesions and tumors at the site of injury.

Dermatology

• Erysipelas;
• herpetic rash;
• microbial and true eczema;
• medicinal taxidermy;
• dermatosis and psoriasis, complicated by secondary infection;
• shingles;
• dermatomycosis;
• skin cracks;
• nail fungus, acne, pimples, diaper rash, skin irritations of various etiologies.

Phthisiology

• Drug-resistant form of tuberculosis.

Nephrology and urology

• Infectious and inflammatory disease of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Gynecology and obstetrics

• Purulent colpitis, vaginitis, erosion, inflammatory disease of the genital area;
• prevention and treatment of various purulent-inflammatory complications in obstetric and gynecological practice.

Dentistry

• Stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontal disease.

Ophthalmology

• Purulent conjunctivitis, infectious corneal ulcer.

Gastroenterology

• Intestinal infections of bacterial, viral and mixed etiology (enteroviral diarrhea, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, etc.), peptic ulcer, paraproctitis and hemorrhoids.

Otolaryngology

• Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, ear, nose and throat: sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis;
• catarrhal rhinitis and sinusitis;
• purulent otitis;
• ARI, ARVI, influenza.

Indications

Can be used for the following diseases:

• infectious diseases (for example, influenza, hepatitis, etc.);
• acute and chronic diseases of the nasopharynx, bronchi, lungs;
• skin diseases (dermatomycosis, eczema, furunculosis, insect bites, burns of varying severity);
• intestinal infections;
• eye diseases (conjunctivitis, ophthalmia, parenchymal keratitis, etc.).

Recommendations for the use of silver

Diseases of ENT organs and oral cavity

Condition after tonsillectomy, tonsillitis, rhinitis, inflammation and eczema of the external ear, periodontal disease, gingivitis, stomatitis.

Application in the form of irrigation of the walls of the pharynx, tonsils, oral cavity, drops in the nose, turunda in the external auditory canal, as well as lotions on the oral mucosa, 3-4 times a day until normalization. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 20,000 µg/l (20 µg/ml).

Flu and respiratory viral infections

Application: externally - in the form of irrigation of the walls of the pharynx, tonsils, oral cavity, nasal drops 3-4 times a day until recovery. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 20,000 µg/l (20 µg/ml). Orally - 200-250 ml 2 times a day until recovery. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 200 µg/l (0.2 µg/ml).

Bronchopulmonary diseases

Bronchitis (acute and chronic), accompanied by purulent sputum, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis.

Application in the form of inhalations with an ultrasonic inhaler 2 times a day. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 5000-10000 µg/l (5-10 µg/ml).

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, cholecystitis, colitis, dysbacteriosis of various etiologies.

Use for disease prevention: 150-200 ml orally 3 times a day until the state of health returns to normal. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 50-100 µg/l (0.05-0.1 µg/ml).

Use for exacerbation of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis, the concentration of silver ions should be increased to 1000 µg/l (1.0 µg/ml). The proposed concentration corresponds to the State Pharmacopoeia and is justified by Ph.D. I.I. Vorontsov. (The method is patented by RF Patent No. 2183479).

Application during exacerbation of the disease: 200 ml orally 1 time per day on an empty stomach until the state of health returns to normal. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 1000 μg/l.

Skin diseases

Purulent wound, trophic ulcer, pustular skin diseases, burns, dermatosis, eczema, psoriasis, seborrhea, fungal infections of the skin and nails.

Use in the form of irrigations, baths, lotions until you feel normal. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 500-1000 µg/l (0.5-1.0 µg/ml).

Diseases of the genitourinary system and rectum

Vulvovaginitis, colpitis, cervical erosion, balanoposthitis, anal itching, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, proctitis, paraproctitis.

Use in the form of douching for gynecological diseases, microenemas and lotions to relieve inflammation. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 500-1000 µg/l (0.5-1.0 µg/ml).

Application: instillation of silver water through a catheter once a day. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 10-15 µg/l (0.001-0.0015 µg/ml).

Inflammatory eye diseases of infectious nature

Blepharitis, conjunctivitis.

Application in the form of drops in the eyes 1-2 drops 3-4 times a day or rinsing the eyelids 2-3 times a day until signs of inflammation subside. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 5000 µg/l (5 µg/ml).

Vein diseases

Varicose veins, thrombophlebitis

Use in the form of cold lotions to relieve the inflammatory process. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 500-1000 µg/l (0.5-1.0 µg/ml).

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and surgical practice

Used in the form of electrophoresis: osteomyelitis, arthrosis, arthritis, osteochondrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, including postoperative.

Classification

There is no uniform classification of pyoderma.

According to etiological factor

pyoderma is divided into staphylococcal (staphyloderma) and streptococcal (streptoderma), as well as mixed.

Staphylococcal pyoderma

, as a rule, are associated with skin appendages (hair follicles, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands).
The morphological element of staphyloderma is often a conical follicular pustule, in the center of which a cavity filled with pus is formed. Along the periphery there is a zone of erythematous-edematous inflammatory skin with pronounced infiltration. When infected with St.
aureus , producing an exfoliative toxin, the morphological element becomes a flat bubble (bullous impetigo).

Streptococcal pyoderma

most often develop on smooth skin, around natural openings (oral cavity and nose).
The morphological element of streptoderma is phlyctena
(flat pustule) - a superficially located vesicle with a flabby covering and serous-purulent contents. Having thin walls, the lyktena quickly opens, and the contents dry out to form honey-yellow layered crusts.

The causative agent of pyoderma is determined by inoculating the purulent discharge followed by microscopy.

According to the depth of the lesion

The skin is distinguished by superficial and deep pyoderma. It should be noted the possibility of scar formation when inflammation resolves.

By duration

pyoderma can be acute or chronic.

In addition, it is important to distinguish between primary pyoderma, which occurs on unchanged skin, and secondary, which develops as complications of existing dermatoses (for example, scabies, atopic dermatitis, Darier's disease, eczema).

According to the clinical and morphological picture

The following forms are distinguished:

- follicular conical pustule (osteofolliculitis, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle); superficial flat pustule (impetigo):

a) bullous impetigo (epidemic pemphigus of newborns, exfoliative Ritter syndrome, bullous impetigo itself);

b) non-bullous impetigo (zaeda, lichen simplex, intertriginous impetigo, paronychia);

- deep flat pustule (ecthyma);

- inflammation of the sweat glands (hidradenitis, vesiculopustulosis, Finger's pseudofurunculosis);

- lifangitis (erysipelas, cat scratch disease);

- chancriform ulcer, phlegmon, abscesses, necrotizing fasciitis and others.

According to the method of chosen therapy

pyoderma is divided into common septic conditions that require general treatment (for example, antibiotic therapy), and pustular diseases, the treatment of which can be limited only to local antimicrobial therapy.

Use of silver in farming

It is known that silver has the ability to concentrate water. The method of water disinfection with electrolytic silver was first developed in Russia in 1930. Two years later, a similar technique appeared in Germany, and 12 years later in England. By 1975, about 170 large sea vessels of the Black Sea and Baltic Shipping Company and the Murmansk Trawling Fleet were equipped with silver water ionizers. Our cosmonauts also highly appreciated the water treated with silver.

The use of silver in the food industry for canning and disinfection of fruit and vegetable juices, milk and other food products has made it possible to increase their shelf life. Scientists have noticed accelerated germination and increased similarity of seeds placed temporarily in water with silver ions, as well as increased resistance to harmful microorganisms of plants sprayed with silver water.

• Canning drinks, juices, compotes. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 500 µg/l (0.5 µg/ml).
• Disinfection of drinking water. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 50 µg/l (0.05 µg/ml).
• Soaking the seeds before planting (for 2-3 hours). The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 200-300 µg/l (0.2-0.3 µg/ml).
• Watering indoor plants (for disinfection from microorganisms, mold, fungi). The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 200-300 µg/l (0.2-0.3 µg/ml).
• Long-term (up to 2-3 weeks) preservation of cut flowers. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is 200-300 μg/l.
• Disinfection of dishes, vegetables, fruits. The concentration of silver ions is 500 µg/l.
• Disinfection of underwear and bed linen (by soaking for 2-3 hours), sinks, bathtubs, toilets. The concentration of silver ions in the solution is from 500 to 20,000 μg/l.

Silver preparations

Modern silver preparations are divided into:

• ionic silver preparations;
• preparations of ionic and cluster (nanoparticles) silver;
• preparations of cluster (nanoparticles) silver.

Ionic silver preparations

Ionic silver preparations include silver salts - nitrates (lapis), fluorides, citrates, acetates, lactates, chlorides, phosphates, etc. Easily soluble nitrates and fluorides are more toxic, chlorides and phosphates are less toxic. The higher the toxicity of silver salts, the stronger their antimicrobial effect.

Silver salts are very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, do not accumulate in internal organs (even with regular use) and are quickly eliminated from the body.

Preparations of ionic and cluster (nanoparticles) silver

Collargol, protargol - highly dispersed colloidal particles of partially oxidized or metallic silver, stabilized by peptides (casein, albumin, collagen) - silver proteinates.

Preparations of ionic and cluster (nanoparticles) silver

Argovit, Vitargol - nanoparticles of metallic (cluster) silver. Available in the form of a concentrated aqueous solution, used in the form of diluted solutions.

Argovit has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi) and has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect.

Silver toxicity

“Everything is poison, and nothing is devoid of poison; just one DOSE makes the poison invisible"

Aursol von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)

Silver is a heavy metal, the content of which in drinking water is regulated by SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. “Drinking water” - silver nitrate is assigned hazard class 2, “highly hazardous substance”. The content of silver nitrate in drinking water is limited to a concentration of 0.05 mg/l (50 mg/ml).

Among Russian pharmacopoeial drugs, silver nitrate is one of the most toxic compounds. According to the Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, the maximum single oral dose of silver nitrate (63% silver) for an adult is 30 mg (19 mg of silver), the maximum daily oral dose for an adult is 100 mg (63 mg of silver).

Now let's see how much silver is in the NSP product. NSP products contain silver in quantities not of milligrams but of micrograms (mcg), that is, 1000 times less. This means that the NSP product meets SanPiN standards and does not pose a danger in terms of silver concentration and is therefore non-toxic.

For Collargol (70% silver), the maximum single dose is 250 mg (175 mg silver), the daily dose is 500 mg (350 mg silver). That is, colloidal silver is less toxic, and the permissible dose for colloidal silver is 6-9 times higher than for silver nitrate.

Important: the most toxic silver salts are silver nitrates.

Modern preparations of colloidal silver (Argovit) are even less toxic. Argovit is 3-4 times less toxic than Protargol, and 5-7 times less toxic than Collargol.

Scientists from the University of East Anglia have found that disinfecting water with silver can lead to DNA destruction. It turned out that in most cases, silver had a genotoxic effect, destroying the integrity of DNA molecules in cells, including causing rearrangements in chromosomes and fragmentation of the latter. In addition, the researchers identified gene damage in sperm.

All this was tested on high doses of silver salt, which is many times more toxic than colloidal silver. Colloidal silver is not toxic, but it should not be taken thoughtlessly.

Which safe and effective colloidal silver to choose for the whole family?

Most of the above studies have shown one simple fact: the smaller the silver particles, the better they work, with 10 nanometer (nm) silver particles being the most effective against a wide range of viruses, fungi and bacteria.

Colloidal products containing silver particles of this size - known as micro-particle silver or nanosilver - are readily available in organic stores or can also be obtained independently using special devices.

Making colloidal silver at home.

To obtain colloidal silver at home, you can use the Rottinger Silver Titan water activator. Using this device you can get 3 types of water: living, dead, silver. This device comes with a 9g silver rod made of the highest standard silver-999. Using a silver rod, you can get 2 liters of silver water in a couple of seconds and 170,000 liters for the entire time you use the device, which of course surpasses store-bought bubbles in both cost and volume! The device has a timer that can last from 2 seconds to 30 minutes. The minimum concentration of colloidal silver at 2 sec will be 0.0073 mg/l, and the maximum 9.95 mg/l!

Colloidal Silver Options on iHerb

I also trust the American store iHerb and its time-tested suppliers, for example Sovereign Silver - the supplier of colloidal silver meets the highest quality standards for its products, confirmed by a GMP certificate.

Sovereign Silver, Colloidal Silver Bio-Active, hydrosol with dropper, 10 PPM, 236 ml

Sovereign Silver Product Benefits:
Actively Charged - As verified by multiple universities, the product contains 98% positively charged silver particles, making it exponentially more powerful than other brands. Bioavailability - the smaller the particle size, the easier they are absorbed and excreted from the body. The product has an unprecedented particle size of 0.8 nm/0.0008 microns (tested by transmission electron microscopy). Efficacy and safety - higher concentrations do not always work better. Tiny particle size results in large surface area and high performance and safety for the whole family, with a low concentration of 10 ppm than competing brands containing up to 500 ppm. Even if you take this product 7 times a day (50 mcg) for 70 years, the total value will be below the reference dose approved by the EPA for silver. Purity Guaranteed - Sovereign Silver has only two ingredients: pure silver and distilled water.
Made without added salts or proteins that make other silver products less effective. Packaged in a glass bottle to ensure purity throughout shelf life. Does not contain allergens, gluten and GMOs. Sovereign Silver, Colloidal Silver Bio-Active, hydrosol with dropper, 10 PPM, 59 ml - a similar product, only a small volume. Sovereign Silver, Nasal Spray with Colloidal Suspension of Bioactive Silver, 10 PPM, 59 ml - the same product composition, only with a nasal spray. Sovereign Silver, Colloidal Bioactive Silver Hydrosol Throat Spray, 10 PPM, 59 ml - Same product formulation, just with a throat spray.

NSP silver preparations

Colloidal silver Forte

Colloidal silver Forte contains 2.36 g of metallic silver nanoparticles per 118 ml of colloidal solution.

The new enhanced formula contains more silver - 20ppm, which corresponds to 100 mcg of silver per 5 ml (1 teaspoon) colloidal solution (20 mcg/ml).

Directions: Adults take 1 teaspoon (5 ml) daily (100 mcg silver) between meals. Duration of treatment is 5-7 days. If necessary, the dietary supplement can be repeated.

Gel "Silver Shield"

• Contains silver in the form of nanoparticles in gel form.
• Safe to use for children. Cleanses and moisturizes the skin.
• Silver content - 20 ppm (100 mcg silver per 5 mg gel / 20 mcg/ml) 1.7 g silver.

Its production uses the patented Aque Sol technology, which involves the use of silver nanoparticles, which ensures maximum bioavailability of silver and its effective effect through the skin.

The gel has a wide spectrum of action - it can be used for injuries and damage of varying severity, and it can also cleanse the skin when it is not possible to use water or soap.

Silver relieves inflammation, reduces swelling and prevents scar formation. The gel has a long-lasting effect on the treated area.

Application: For treating open wounds, cuts, scratches. With suppuration. When caring for bedsores. For acne (acne). For burns. For eczema. For various skin irritations. For insect bites. For cleaning and disinfecting skin.

Ingredients: purified water, silver, triethanolamine, acrylates (C 10 - 30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer).

Be healthy!

Recommendations of Ph.D. nutritionist Yury Aleksandrovich Lysikov

The full recording of the material on the topic “Colloidal silver - benefits or harm to the body” can be listened to below:

Compound

One daily dose: 1 teaspoon.

*—recommended daily intake level has not been determined

Contains no artificial ingredients, preservatives or additives. Non-toxic and does not cause addiction or side effects.