Causes of yellow complexion: possible diseases and their treatment at home

Norm

Jaundice occurs due to disruption of bilirubin metabolism, its excretion and accumulation.

Bilirubin tends to form due to cytochromes, red blood cells and myoglobin, which have broken down.

Bilirubin comes in two forms:

• Incoherent. It is toxic, interacts with the protein albumin, and is transported to the liver area through the bloodstream;
• Connected. Cells that are in the liver area combine bilirubin and glucuronic acid, changing it into direct or conjugated bilirubin. Next, the liver produces bile, where bilirubin will be located, and it enters the intestines with it. Next, bilirubin is removed from the feces.

Lentigo

The phenomenon is popularly known as “senile ripples.” Appears in older people in areas of the body that have been exposed to intense ultraviolet rays throughout their lives. The pigment usually appears on the arms from the hands to the top of the shoulders, upper back, décolleté, and face. It is distinguished by its small size, different diameters and chaotic arrangement of spots.

The first manifestations can be noticed after 40 years; they noticeably age the appearance, so many people at this stage turn to cosmetologists to eliminate the defect. During menopause, hormonal changes lead to an increase in the amount of pigment. Chemical, mechanical and laser peels are used for treatment. Cosmetics and whitening creams will not cope with the problem.

Types of jaundice

The following types of jaundice are distinguished according to their nature:

• Physiological. It occurs most often in children if their liver tissue is immature. Usually occurs in a large percentage of newborns on the third or fourth days of life. Usually occurs in premature babies. This is due to the fact that the body has not yet had time to adapt to the habitable environment. Jaundice itself can disappear in seven to twenty-one days, and does not harm the child’s body.
• Hemolytic. It occurs when red blood cells are destroyed. Hemoglobin, when released, turns into bilirubin. This effect may occur due to anemia and changes in the composition of hemoglobin protein. It happens that red blood cells are destroyed due to the influence of poisons and various drugs on them. During pregnancy, this type of jaundice occurs due to conflict between the child and the expectant mother.
• Parenchymal (or hepatic). This type of jaundice occurs due to inflammatory processes in the liver tissue due to hypoxia, autoimmune diseases, toxins and hepatitis viruses, which are divided into A, B, C, D, E, F, G.
• Mechanical. This jaundice occurs due to disturbances in the bile flow from the liver to the duodenum. This jaundice can appear due to: stones in the ducts, inflammatory processes, narrowing of the ducts (the disease is dangerous due to complications), neoplasia of the pancreas and liver, roundworms and helminths in the gastrointestinal tract, due to which the bile ducts can be blocked and anemia develops.

Another classification of jaundice is based on its duration:

• Acute jaundice. Rapid simultaneous onset of symptoms;
• Chronic jaundice. Symptoms appear gradually, the speed of their manifestation is associated with the course of the disease that caused jaundice.

Age-related skin changes - symptoms and treatment

1. Non-invasive methods

• Cosmeceuticals

Cosmeceuticals have become a particularly popular area in recent years.
Initially, the term “cosmeceuticals” was proposed as a definition for medicines whose effectiveness approaches pharmacological ones. However, their therapeutic effect cannot be declared by the manufacturers, since, according to the current legislation of most countries of the world, all drugs that are not registered as medicines can only be used as cosmetics and cannot be recommended for the treatment of any diseases. Today, the term “cosmeceuticals” refers to lines that have a rejuvenating effect on the skin, in contrast to drugstore lines that are aimed at restoring healthy skin. Personal medical lines have become a recent news, that is, drugs developed by a specific specialist - a dermatologist or a doctor of aesthetic medicine.[3] There is a certain belief that cosmeceutical products, by definition, contain higher concentrations of active substances than organic or mass-market products. This is one of the popular misconceptions. In fact, the effectiveness of a cosmetic product is determined not only and not so much by the concentration of the active substance, but by its bioavailability, depth of action and ability to accumulate and the ability to retain active ingredients by skin tissue.[6] An unconditional trend in cosmeceuticals is the use of acids in fairly high concentrations. Despite the fact that many cosmeceuticals have a pronounced local irritating effect, their potential effectiveness compensates for the discomfort during use. In addition, cosmeceutical preparations actively use formulas that include peptides that have targeted effects.

Today, there are several classes of peptides used to achieve a targeted cosmetic effect: these are peptides that restore the barrier function of the skin, peptides that stimulate the synthetic capabilities of deep skin structures, and peptides that block neurotransmission, which leads to a decrease in the excitability and contractility of facial muscles. Depending on the concentration, peptide-based products may be more or less active and effective. Formulas containing antioxidants are still in fashion. But, unlike in previous years, when single-dose medications were especially popular, there are complexes of various antioxidants that create a cascade effect with a prolonged therapeutic effect. To achieve a moisturizing effect, today drugs based on polysaccharides are actively used, including filtrates of yeast cultures and lactobacilli, which simultaneously have a healing effect. While viscous textures are becoming a thing of the past, glycerin-based gels have found a new lease of life.[3]

Effective skin care has always been the prerogative of professional cosmetics. Apparently, increasing the effectiveness of cosmetic care products that can be used independently, at home, with a fairly high level of safety and minimal risk of complications, should be considered the most striking and growing trend in cosmetology.[3]

• Hardware correction (treatment) methods

Laser exposure. Modern aesthetic medicine is unthinkable without the use of laser technologies, which can solve almost any problem in the field of dermatocosmetology. The procedure involves quickly moving a laser beam using a special scanning system over an area of ​​several square centimeters and thus removing the superficial layers of the skin, that is, the laser beam acts like a scalpel.[9] Uniform or fractional (in the form of a grid) damage to the skin, tissue heating and exposure to laser radiation at the dermal level occur, resulting in rejuvenation, lifting, and stimulation of fibroblasts. But there are lasers that do not damage the skin, for example, Fraxel; in such a situation, the lifting will be false, but the stimulation of fibroblasts and the thermal effect on the dermis will be true.

Phototherapy (IPL systems). It is based on exposure to broadband pulsed light (IPL), devoid of ultraviolet radiation, without visible damage to the skin. During a phototherapy session, light quanta are applied to the skin using a special device and manipulator. The length of the light waves ranges from 400 to 1400 nm and is regulated by the specialist performing the procedure depending on the individual characteristics of the patient. Light waves are actively absorbed by skin chromophores, depending on this, one or another result is obtained.

2. Injection treatments:

• Mesotherapy is the introduction of subcutaneous solutions containing hyaluronic acid, microelements, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, peptides, placenta extract, etc. This correction method consists of a course of procedures, about 10, with an interval of 7 days. After the procedure, rehabilitation is necessary, since temporary side effects such as hematomas, swelling of soft tissues, and redness of the skin are possible.
• Biorevitalization - subcutaneous/intradermal administration of hyaluronic acid. The main task of the injected hyaluronic acid is to moisturize the skin. The procedure is carried out in a course, with an interval of 10-14 days.
• Botulinum therapy . The methods used to correct involutionally changed skin, which include both therapeutic and surgical interventions, do not always achieve the desired aesthetic effect. Increased activity of the facial muscles provokes the formation of wrinkles and accelerates involution processes. The formation of wrinkles is a consequence of degenerative processes that occur in the musculocutaneous system and are aggravated by external factors (such as insolation, gravity, addictions, etc.); they are also determined by the individual genetic characteristics of a person.

The method of correction with botulinum toxin drugs is the ability of botulinum toxin type A to temporarily relax the muscles in the area of ​​​​injection of the drug for 3-12 months, affecting transport proteins in the area of ​​the neuromuscular synapse.

• Contour plastic surgery is the introduction of a hyaluronic acid-based gel subcutaneously to replace lost volumes, correct existing wrinkles (nasolabial folds, labiomental folds, crow's feet, rings of Venus, etc.).

What you need to know

Yellow skin color also occurs due to carotene oversaturation. This happens if a person often eats vegetables and fruits that contain it in large quantities.

How to distinguish such yellowing from jaundice? With it, only the skin is stained, but not the mucous membranes.

It happens that the skin turns yellow due to taking medications containing acryquine or picric acid.

Further, the skin turns yellow. If you consume excessive amounts of spices, spicy foods, fast for a long time, or frequently use alcohol or drugs.

Liver pigment spots

Deterioration in the functionality of internal organs can also lead to the formation of aesthetic defects. The liver plays the role of a filter, retaining and processing all dangerous substances, and then removing them from the body. In cases where she fails to cope with her duties, slow but sure intoxication occurs, which is manifested not only by internal, but also by external pathologies.

Metabolic processes in tissues are disrupted, including the normal distribution of melanin; it accumulates in certain areas. Most often it appears on the face. The contours of such spots are not uniform, they do not have a clear boundary. The color can also vary from light to dark brown.

Diagnostics

To identify jaundice and determine what kind of disease a person has, you need to carry out the following diagnostics:

• CBC, where hemoglobin is determined;
• Blood biochemistry, which shows total bilirubin and its secretions;
• Lipid profile study;
• Test for thyroid hormones;
• Testing for tumor markers;
• Test for roundworms;
• TAM, which determines the level of bilirubin and its secretions;
• Immunological analysis to detect antibodies to viral hepatitis;
• PCR research;
• Antiglobulin test (for newborns);
• Fibrogastroduodenoscopy, which shows inflammation, neoplasia and bile duct stones.

Dyspnea

Diagnostic procedures for each patient are selected individually by the doctor.

How does HDN occur?

Features of the course of HDN are:

• earlier (as early as 1 day) onset of jaundice;
• the ability to achieve higher (sometimes critical) bilirubin numbers;
• high intensity of skin coloring;
• the presence of other symptoms - swelling, enlargement of the liver and spleen, lethargy, refusal to eat;
• possible addition of neurological symptoms;
• presence of anemia in a blood test;
• positive Coombs test.

HDN can be either mild or quite severe. As a rule, jaundice is easier when there is blood group incompatibility, and more severe when there is incompatibility according to the Rh factor.

What is the treatment for TTH?

Most often, phototherapy is used to treat tension-type headache: the newborn is placed for a while under a lamp emitting light of a certain wavelength. As a rule, phototherapy is well tolerated by babies, but in some cases it can cause dry skin and mucous membranes. Therefore, frequent breastfeeding and additional fluid administration are recommended for children undergoing phototherapy. The duration of phototherapy depends on the level of bilirubin in the blood.

Less commonly, HDN is treated with medications, red blood cells, or intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. In exceptional situations, a replacement blood transfusion is performed. These manipulations are carried out only in a hospital setting.

In some cases, with mild HDN, treatment is not required.