Antibiotics prescribed for infectious diseases

Coronavirus infection is most often transmitted by airborne droplets. Its danger lies in the fact that it affects the lower respiratory tract and provokes the development of viral pneumonia. Treatment of COVID-19 involves the use of antiviral drugs and antibiotics. Additionally, in complex treatment, painkillers and antipyretics, as well as sorbents, are used, if necessary.

Antibiotics for infectious diseases, including after infection with coronavirus, are prescribed for moderate and severe forms of the disease. Medicines prevent the proliferation of pathogenic microflora.

Which brand of antibiotics is better to choose?

Often the same drug is produced by different pharmaceutical companies, so their composition and dosage may differ slightly. Doctors can advise the patient which manufacturer’s medication to buy so that the treatment is more effective. The best antibiotics are produced by the following companies:

• Astellas Pharma Europe is the Dutch representative office of a Japanese public company, which was founded through the merger of 2 pharmaceutical companies. In the 1970s they opened offices in Europe and the USA. In 2005, they merged and the headquarters were located in Tokyo. The company's mission is to improve people's health through the production of innovative and reliable medicines.
• KRKA is an international pharmaceutical company headquartered in Slovenia. Founded in 1954 as a small laboratory. Produces generic drugs. Their active ingredient is the same as the original, but the composition contains other auxiliary components. The company's factories are located in Germany, Poland, Russia, Croatia, and Slovenia.
• Dalkhimpharm is the legal successor of the Khabarovsk Chemical Plant, which was founded in 1939. It is considered one of the oldest drug production enterprises in Russia and is one of the country's top ten pharmaceutical manufacturers. The main principle of work is to provide clients with effective, high-quality and safe drugs. All products are tested by the Moscow quality control center.
• Sandoz is a pharmaceutical company founded in Germany by Eduard Sandoz and Alfred Kern in 1886. It produces generics that are used in the treatment of various diseases. Products are represented in the markets of more than 140 countries. Now it is one of the top three producers of amoxicillin.
• Laboratoires Bouchara -Recordati – founded in Italy in 1926. In 1999 and 2000, he acquired pharmaceutical companies in France, at whose factories he began production of the antibiotic framycetin under the trade name Isofra. The company's products are represented in the markets of Europe, the USA, Canada, South America, and North Africa. The company's goal is to improve the quality of life of people.
• JSC FP "Obolenskoe" is a Russian company, created on the basis of the State Scientific Center for Applied Microbiology in 1994. Since 2013, it has been part of the Alvansa group of companies. The quality of products, according to the results of external audits, meets international standards. The company produces more than 150 drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups. Among them there are generics and innovative developments.
• Pliva is the largest pharmaceutical company in Southern Europe with its head office in Zagreb, Croatia. Founded in 1921, since 2008 acquired by TEVA and operates as its department. The main activity is aimed at the development and production of generics. The most popular antibiotic of this company is Sumamed.
• GlaxoSmithKline is a British pharmaceutical company founded in 2000 through the merger of two companies. Representative offices are opened in Germany, Italy, Australia, Canada, Poland and other countries. The main factories are located in Singapore, USA, UK, Spain. Products are represented on the markets of 160 countries. A popular drug from this company is considered a strong broad-spectrum antibiotic Augmentin.
• PJSC Biosintez is a group of companies that includes the largest Russian pharmaceutical enterprises. Founded in Penza in 1955. The first antibiotic was released in 1959. It ranks 5th in the world in the production of generic drugs. The quality of medicines is recognized in 150 countries.
• Olain Farm is the largest pharmaceutical company in the Baltic countries, founded in 1972. The headquarters is located in Latvia. The quality of the products is confirmed by audits of well-known companies in Switzerland, the USA, and France. In the territory of the former USSR, the company became the first whose drug was included in the WHO list.
• Synthesis is a Russian plant, created on the basis of the Kurgan Medicinal Products Plant for the production of antibiotics. Also produces vitamin B12 and endocrine drugs. Since 1987, engineers have introduced new technology for producing ampicillin trihydrate.

BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS

β-lactam antibiotics (β-lactams), which are united by the presence of a β-lactam ring in their structure, include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems

and
monobactams
, which have a bactericidal effect. The similarity of the chemical structure determines the same mechanism of action of all β-lactams (impaired bacterial cell wall synthesis), as well as cross-allergy to them in some patients.

Penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams are sensitive to the hydrolyzing action of special enzymes - β-lactamases, produced by a number of bacteria. Carbapenems are characterized by significantly higher resistance to β-lactamases.

Given their high clinical efficacy and low toxicity, β-lactam antibiotics form the basis of antimicrobial chemotherapy at the present stage, occupying a leading place in the treatment of most infections.

Penicillins are the first antimicrobial drugs developed on the basis of biologically active substances produced by microorganisms. The ancestor of all penicillins, benzylpenicillin, was obtained in the early 40s of the 20th century. Currently, the group of penicillins includes more than ten antibiotics, which, depending on the sources of production, structural features and antimicrobial activity, are divided into several subgroups (Table 1).

Table 1. Classification of penicillins

General properties:

• Bactericidal action.
• Low toxicity.
• Excretion is mainly through the kidneys.
• Wide range of dosages.
• Cross-allergy between all penicillins and some cephalosporins and carbapenems.

Antibiotic rating

Based on the principle of action, drugs are divided into 2 types: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The former contribute to the death of bacteria by destroying their cell membrane, the latter slow down the reproduction and growth of pathogenic microorganisms, which allows the human immune system to overcome the infection. Your doctor should determine which antibiotics are best to take. It takes into account the patient’s age, type of disease, and the presence of concomitant pathologies. When choosing nominees for the top, an analysis of the results of comparative tests of the following characteristics of medicines was carried out:

• Release form;
• Presence and number of contraindications;
• Origin and type of antibiotic;
• Possibility of negative effect on body systems;
• Indications for use;
• Minimum age of use;
• Storage conditions;
• Features of interaction with other drugs;
• Influence on human psychomotor reactions.

Patient reviews of drug treatment, availability in pharmacies, and price were also taken into account. In the review, the nominees are divided into 5 categories based on the principle of nomination. Each contains a description of a specific antibiotic, its advantages and disadvantages.

The best antipyretics

Principles for choosing antimicrobial drugs

Self-medication with antibiotics is strictly prohibited, since uncontrolled use of potent drugs can weaken the body and worsen the body's defense reactions. The drugs are selected exclusively by the doctor, taking into account the form of the disease and the patient’s condition.

Indications for prescribing antibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases are the following:

• Development of bacterial microflora in the respiratory tract. This is indicated by sputum with a green or yellow tint, which comes out with a cough.
• Maintaining body temperature above 38.5°C for more than 4 days.
• Severe weakness and the appearance of severe fatigue with minimal exertion.
• The presence of purulent mucus in the stool.

Before a certain type of antibiotic is prescribed, a bacteriological culture must be carried out. To do this, take a swab from the nasopharynx and trachea, as well as mucus from the stool. Samples are placed in a nutrient medium to determine the type of microorganism. After this, a group of antibiotics is selected that destroy certain bacteria.

To ensure that the chosen antibiotic does not provoke a deterioration in the general condition, the following general tests are performed:

• Blood. During the test, the number of main components is determined. When using antimicrobial drugs, a decrease in their levels may occur, so it is important to exclude the possibility of critical indicators.
• Urine. Testing allows you to determine the condition of the urinary system and prevent possible inflammatory processes due to increased stress on the organs when removing the antibiotic from the body.

Also carried out:

• Biochemical blood test to exclude exacerbations of existing pathologies when using potent antimicrobial drugs.
• CT scan of the chest to assess the extent of damage to the lung tissue and select the dosage of the antibiotic.

The best antibiotics for sinusitis

If, during inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, a patient experiences a high temperature and purulent nasal discharge, then a bacterial infection is likely to develop. After examination, doctors prescribe a course of antibiotics in the form of tablets, injections or nasal spray. The need for its use is due to the high risk of infection spreading to the brain. Analysis of test data and user opinions made it possible to identify the 2 best drugs from the 5 nominees.

Flemoklav solutab

The medicine is produced only in the form of tablets that dissolve in the mouth. In terms of the type of active components, the drug is identical to Amoxiclav; it has a bactericidal effect on a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The mechanism of their action, scope of application, contraindications, and the degree of development of side effects are the same.

Advantages

• Quick effect of treatment;
• Used for infections caused by different types of bacteria;
• Large list of indications for use;
• Few side effects;
• Minimal risk of developing dysbacteriosis.

Flaws

• High price;
• Prescribed only from 12 years of age.

Patients with sinusitis note a quick solution to the problem of severe inflammation. The number of tablets in a package is usually enough for a course of treatment, which rarely exceeds 7 days. Patients consider the price level to be high compared to other analogues.

Isofra

Inexpensive local antibiotic made in France. The active substance framycetin has bactericidal properties. Affects microorganisms that are resistant to penicillins. The high safety of the antibiotic is due to a small list of contraindications and the development of side effects only when used for more than 10 days. It is produced in the form of a 15 ml nasal spray. Used when there is no damage to the partitions.

Advantages

• Shelf life – 36 months;
• No significant interactions of the drug with other drugs have been identified;
• Overdose is unlikely;
• Average price;
• Allowed for the treatment of children;
• Does not affect the functioning of internal organs.

Flaws

• Need to use at least 4-6 times a day;
• Pneumococci and streptococci are resistant to the drug.

Most patients leave positive reviews about the medication. Its effectiveness allows you to quickly cure sinusitis in the acute phase and reduce the relapse of the chronic stage. However, it does not help everyone, so if there is no result after 7 days of use, the doctor selects an antibiotic from a different group.

The best remedies for sore throat

Broad-spectrum cephalosporins

Cephalosporins

- one of the large groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are 4 generations of such drugs. The first three were used only for parenteral and oral administration. They gained their popularity due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. Such medications help cope with pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, pelvis, skin and soft tissues. The products are also effective in the fight against STDs.

These antibiotics are available in tablet form. The medicine should be taken strictly with meals, and should be washed down with plenty of clean water. For the entire course of treatment, try to strictly adhere to your daily routine. It is strictly forbidden to skip taking pills. Treatment is not completed after the first signs of relief. Popular drugs in this group are Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefuroxime. They are quite inexpensive.

The best antibiotics for colds

The disease is usually viral in nature. Antibacterial therapy is carried out only if there is no effect on the drugs and the development of symptoms such as yellow or green nasal discharge, deep cough with copious sputum, and temperature above 38 degrees. The prescription of the drugs is due to the high risk of complications such as otitis media, bronchitis, and tonsillitis. According to patient reviews, 2 nominees were selected from 10 drugs for the list of the best antibiotics for colds.

Azithromycin

A semisynthetic antibiotic obtained by modifying classical macrolides. It inhibits bacterial cell protein synthesis. In small doses it has a bacteriostatic effect, and in high concentrations it has a bactericidal effect. It is effective against influenza, which is accompanied by otitis media, bronchitis, and tonsillitis. Available in the form of tablets, capsules, and powder for preparing a suspension.

Advantages

• Quick effect, the course of treatment lasts 2-5 days;
• Low price;
• The suspension is allowed from 6 months;
• Wide spectrum of action;
• The therapeutic effect lasts up to 7 days.

Flaws

• A large list of contraindications and side effects;
• Affects the psychomotor reactions of the body;
• It is not recommended to take it together with a number of drugs.

Pediatricians confirm the high effectiveness of the antibiotic for children with coughs, if the cold turns into bronchitis, tracheitis. At the same time, there is a high risk of developing side effects, so it must be taken strictly in the indicated dosage. The advantages include low price, elimination of symptoms in a short time.

Sumamed

In terms of active substance and release form, the drug is similar to Azithromycin. An identical mechanism of action allows you to eliminate cold symptoms in 2-3 days. It is recommended for patients with allergies to penicillins. The minimum age for taking the suspension is 3 years, tablets – 18 years. The bitter taste of the drug causes discomfort when treating children.

Advantages

• Long half-life;
• Ease of reception;
• Rare development of hypersensitivity reaction;
• Wide spectrum of action;
• No significant effect on other drugs has been established.

Flaws

• High price;
• During treatment, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, and candidiasis often occur.

According to patients, Sumamed is a good antibiotic for colds in adults. Take it once a day, cold symptoms and complications disappear after a minimum period of time. The main disadvantages of the drug are the high price and the likelihood of lack of effect.

Classification

Antibiotics of the 3rd generation (the list includes drugs presented in the form of tablets, injections, powder, suspension) are divided into types. When classifying, the following is taken into account: the mechanism of action on the human body, the form of release and several other basic properties. In the table below you can find out the features of the latest generation of antibiotics.

The best broad-spectrum antibiotics

Narrowly targeted drugs are often chosen because they have a lower risk of side effects. At the same time, they affect only a certain strain of bacteria, and the causative agents of infection are often various types of pathogenic microorganisms. Treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic will speed up recovery. Another advantage of their use is that there is no need to take a culture to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to the antibiotic, the results of which can take 7-10 days. The best antibiotics of this type were selected from 15 nominees. The leading positions in comparative tests were occupied by 2 medications.

Augmentin

The medicine is an analogue of Amoxiclav, since their active components are identical. Both drugs are classified as broad-spectrum antibiotics and have a bactericidal effect. In this case, the effect of intravenous administration of Amoxiclav occurs within 5-10 minutes. Augmentin release forms do not have such a speed. A small list of excipients reduces the risk of developing intolerance to the drug.

Advantages

• Prescribed if there are contraindications to taking Amoxiclav;
• Average price;
• Wide spectrum of action;
• Soft action;
• Less harm to the child's body.

Flaws

• Possible negative impact on the functioning of the kidneys and intestines;
• After taking it, it is not recommended to drive;
• Incompatibility with a number of medications.

ENT doctors recommend Augmentin for purulent tonsillitis, and pediatricians note its high effectiveness for pneumonia in children. Patients with sinusitis claim that they forget about the disease after 2 weeks of taking an antibiotic.

With cystitis, unpleasant symptoms disappear after 7 days of treatment. Respondents rate the safety of the medicine as 4.

Tetracycline

The cheapest drug in the rating with the active substance of the same name, which has bacteriostatic properties. For treatment, tablets, external or eye ointment have been used by every adult at least once in their life. Children are allowed to take the medicine from 8 years of age. Tetracycline is contraindicated in case of renal failure, hypersensitivity to the components of the composition, leukopenia, during pregnancy and lactation. It does not affect the speed of psychomotor reactions.

Advantages

• Wide spectrum of action;
• Quickly eliminates cough, reduces temperature;
• Effective for a large list of pathologies;
• Accessible.

Flaws

• Large list of adverse reactions;
• Cannot be combined with cephalosporins and penicillins.

The quality and safety of the drug are highly rated; 98% of patients recommend it for the treatment of diseases of an infectious and inflammatory nature. Many people use it for conjunctivitis, purulent wounds, throat diseases and cystitis. The disadvantages include the body's standard reaction to taking an antibiotic.

Top 10 drugs from the pharmacy

Antibiotics of the 3rd generation (the list includes drugs that contain substances active against gram-negative and gram-positive microbes) fight the first group of microorganisms that cause intestinal diseases, inflammation of the respiratory system and the genitourinary system.

And the second group of microorganisms often causes infection of wounds and provokes complications after surgery.

There are a number of antibiotics that are also active against protozoal infection, these include drugs whose active substance is nitroimidazole.

The physician should select an antibiotic after examining the patient and identifying the individual characteristics of the patient. Many drugs have numerous contraindications and often provoke allergies.

Sumamed

Antibiotics of the 3rd generation (the list is headed by a bacteriostatic drug belonging to the group of macrolides-azalides) suppress the protein synthesis of microorganism cells, slowing growth and reproduction. At high dosages it can have a bactericidal effect.

Summamed is active against gram-positive, gram-negative, intracellular, anaerobic and other types of bacteria.

The drug is produced in the form of a white powder intended for the preparation of an infusion solution. The active component is azithromycin dihydrate, which easily penetrates from the blood serum into the body's cells, easily migrates to the site of inflammation, accumulating in tissues affected by infection. The additional components are citric acid and sodium hydroxide.

An antibiotic is prescribed for:

• severe form of pneumonia;
• inflammation and infectious lesions of the pelvic organs.

The drug is administered only intravenously drip over 3 hours. Cannot be injected in a stream. In severe cases of pneumonia, the drug is prescribed at a dosage of 500 mg once a day for at least 2 days. By decision of a specialist, the course can be extended to 5 days. After intravenous administration, the doctor may recommend oral administration, but this is individual for each patient.

The infusion solution is prepared as follows:

1. Add 5 ml of water for injection to a vial with a concentration of azithromycin 500 mg, shake well so that the powder is completely dissolved.
2. Use the solution immediately after preparation.

You can prepare a reconstituted solution using sodium chloride, dextrose or Ringer's solution as a solvent.

Among the undesirable manifestations after treatment with Summed, the following pathologies may be observed: candidiasis, colitis, gastroenteritis, rhinitis, anemia, anorexia, anaphylactic reaction, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, decreased blood pressure, flushing of the face, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, pancreatitis.

Summamed should not be used for therapeutic purposes if:

• intolerance to the components included in the composition;
• sensitivity to erythromycin;
• disorders of the liver and kidneys;
• pregnancy and breastfeeding;
• children under 18 years of age.

The drug is not prescribed with the simultaneous use of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine.

Take the medicine with caution when:

• myasthenia gravis;
• the presence of proarrhythmogenic factors;
• taking antiarrhythmic drugs;
• disturbances of water and electrolyte balance;
• severe heart pathologies.

You can purchase the medicine at any pharmacy without any doctor’s permission; the average price varies from 300 rubles.

Amoxiclav

This is a combination antibiotic that contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The medicine has bactericidal properties and inhibits protein synthesis of microorganisms.

The drug actively fights gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The additional components are colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium.

The therapist prescribes medicine for the following ailments:

• infection of the respiratory system;
• ENT infections;
• infection of the genitourinary system;
• infections affecting the skin and soft tissues.

The medicine is also prescribed for prophylactic purposes during surgery. The doctor selects the dose and duration of therapy depending on the severity of the disease and its location.

For children, the drug is prescribed in the form of syrup, suspension or drops of 30 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The dose is divided into 2 doses per day. The dosage may be increased for serious infections to 45 mg. For adults and adolescents over 12 years of age, the medicine is recommended in tablet form, 500 mg 2 times or 250 mg 3 times. The average duration of therapy is no more than 2 weeks.

During therapy, patients may experience undesirable manifestations: nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, gastritis, leukopenia, thrombocytosis, headache, dizziness, convulsions, allergic reaction.

The drug is not recommended for:

• sensitivity to components;
• infectious mononucleosis;
• liver dysfunction;
• phenylketonuria.

Take with caution during pregnancy, lactation, stomach and intestinal diseases, liver failure. The medicine is available in film-coated tablets, in the form of a suspension, syrup, and drops for oral administration. You can purchase the medicine freely for 150 rubles.

Claforan

3rd generation antibiotics (the list is huge) include Claforan, a semi-synthetic drug from the group of cephalosporins. The medicine is created for parenteral use. It has bactericidal properties and is resistant to a large number of β-lactamases. The drug actively fights many pathogens that cause infections and inflammation.

The main component is cefotaxime sodium. Available in the form of a powder intended for the preparation of a solution introduced into the body through a muscle or vein.

Medicine is prescribed for:

• infection of the respiratory system;
• infections affecting the genitourinary system;
• septicemia;
• bacteremia;
• endocarditis;
• meningitis;
• infection of the skin and tissue;
• infections affecting bones and joints;
• prevention in surgery.

The drug is administered by injection or infusion into a vein or muscle in a dose of 0.5-1 g once. The dose may be increased depending on the complexity of the disease. The course and dosage are selected individually.

Prepare the solution as follows: 1 g of powder is diluted with 4 ml of water for injection, and 2 g in 10 ml. If the drug is administered intramuscularly, lidocaine 1% can act as a solvent.

Therapy with the drug can provoke undesirable manifestations, manifested in the form of an allergic reaction, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, worsening urinary flow, neutropenia, arrhythmia, fever, weakness.

The drug is not recommended for people with special sensitivity to cephalosporins, pregnant or lactating women. The medicine is sold freely for 40 rubles.

Cefixime

Antibiotic of the 3rd generation from the list of drugs of the cephalosporin group. The medicine is active in the treatment of infectious pathologies and has bactericidal properties.

The drug stops the reproduction and destroys the vital activity of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The medicine is available in 125 ml bottles, which contains 100 mg of cefixime and 26 g of powder with a pleasant strawberry scent. The drug is also presented in tablet form, 200-400 mg.

The main component of both forms is cefixime, but the additional components differ:

• The tablets contain titanium dioxide, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, cellulose, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate;
• The solution contains sucrose, silicon dioxide, strawberry flavor, xanthan gum, sodium benzoate, sodium hydroxide.

Medicine is prescribed for infections that affect:

• upper and lower respiratory tracts;
• ways of excretion of bile and urine;
• skin and soft tissues;
• ENT organs;
• bones;
• female reproductive organ.

The drug in tablet form is prescribed for children under 50 kg at 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight 1 time per day. For adolescents and adults over 50 kg, the dosage is 400 mg, divided into 2 doses. Duration of therapy is up to 7 days.

Cefixime suspension for children

A suspension is prepared from the powder; to do this, pour purified water into the bottle to the volume indicated on it, shake well. Therapy in some patients can cause the following manifestations: allergies, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.

The medicine is not prescribed if the main substance is intolerant. The drug is not compatible with alcohol-containing drinks. The average cost of two forms of the drug is from 450 rubles.

Avelox

This is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug with bactericidal properties.

The main component of the drug is moxifloxacin, which inhibits bacterial topoisomerases, which ultimately provoke disruption of the processes of replication, repair and DNA biosynthesis of microbial cells, which ultimately provokes the death of bacteria. Additional components include cellulose, magnesium stearate, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium.

The drug is prescribed for infection and inflammatory processes caused by the presence of bacteria sensitive to the main component:

• sinusitis;
• chronic bronchitis in acute form;
• pneumonia;
• skin and soft tissues;
• intra-abdominal abscesses;
• inflammation of the pelvic organs.

The medicine is available in tablet form and is taken orally at a dose of 400 mg once a day, the duration of therapy is no more than 10 days. In some of the most difficult cases, the duration of therapy can be up to 3 weeks.

During therapy, if recommendations are not followed, the following manifestations may occur: nausea, diarrhea, anemia, increased prothrombin in the blood, allergies, anxiety, panic attacks, blurred vision, dizziness, headache.

The medicine is not prescribed for pathologies affecting the tendons, heart problems, lactase intolerance, pregnancy, liver disorders, lactation, children under 18 years of age, intolerance to the components of the composition.

The drug is prescribed with caution to people with ailments that affect the nervous system, liver cirrhosis, and cardiac ischemia. Avelox tablets are sold freely in pharmacies for 1000 rubles.

Cefoperazone

This is an antibiotic from the group of 3rd generation cephalosporins with a broad spectrum of action. The drug inhibits protein synthesis in the cells of pathogenic microorganisms.

Cefoperazone, which acts as the main substance, disrupts the cross-linking of peptidoglycans, which ensures the strength of the cell walls of microorganisms. The medicine is active against aerobic, anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The drug is produced in the form of a powder intended for the preparation of a solution injected into the body into a vein or muscle. An antibiotic is prescribed for infections and inflammation that were caused by the presence of bacteria in the body that are sensitive to cefoperazone.

Such ailments include:

• peritonitis;
• pneumonia;
• cholecystitis;
• acute form of bronchitis;
• meningitis;
• sepsis.

For preventive purposes, the drug is prescribed in surgery.

The drug is administered intravenously at 1-4 g intervals every 12 hours. A specialist may prescribe intramuscular injection of 500 mg once. For children, the drug is administered at a dose of 50-200 mg per 1 kg of body weight, 2 times a day. A maximum of 12 g of the drug can be administered per day.

If you do not comply with the dosage and do not follow the recommendations, the following symptoms may appear: vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, allergic manifestations, anemia, nephritis, candidiasis, discomfort at the injection site.

The medicine is not prescribed for the following pathologies:

• severe kidney failure;
• carrying a baby;
• lactation;
• intolerance to cephasporins and other antibiotics belonging to the beta-lactam group.

The drug is freely available in pharmacies, price starts from 120 rubles.

Lincomycin

This new generation antibiotic, part of the lincosamide group, has antibacterial properties against aerobic, anaerobic and gram-positive microorganisms. The drug quickly and easily spreads through the blood into the body tissues. The highest concentration is created in the bones and bile ducts.

The medicine is available in the form of 250 mg capsules and solution for injection. Both forms contain the same active substance – lincomycin.

An antibiotic is prescribed for:

• infectious lesions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts;
• otitis;
• infection of bone tissue and joints;
• infections affecting the skin and soft tissues.

The course of therapy is selected by the doctor depending on the severity of the disease. Capsules are taken one hour before meals or 2 hours after meals, 1 piece. 2-3 times a day, maintaining an interval of at least 8 hours. The daily dosage is no more than 1.5 g for an adult, and for children under 14 years of age no more than 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight.

Before administering the drug in solution form, it is necessary to do a tolerance test. Adults are administered 600 mg every 8 hours, children 10 mg per 1 kg of body weight.

Lincomycin in ampoules

If you do not follow the dosage and recommendations of a specialist.

The following undesirable manifestations may occur:

• vomiting, flatulence, colitis, stomatitis, itching in the anus;
• leukopenia, neuropenia;
• allergic reaction;
• headache and dizziness;
• jaundice;
• tachycardia, hypotension;
• kidney failure;
• vaginitis

Ampoules should not be used by children under 1 month of age, and capsules by children under 6 years of age. The medicine is contraindicated during lactation and pregnancy, meningitis, kidney and liver failure, intolerance to the constituent components.

The drug is freely available, the price of both forms varies from 100 rubles.

Tsedex

This is a new generation antibiotic belonging to the group of cephalosporins, which has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cells. As a result of such exposure, microbial cells lose their ability to reproduce and then quickly die. The medicine quickly and easily destroys gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The main substance is ceftibuten dihydrate, as well as auxiliary components cellulose, magnesium stearate, sodium carboxymethyl starch.

The drug is prescribed for the following ailments:

• infections and inflammations that were provoked by the presence of microorganisms sensitive to ceftibuten;
• pathologies of the lower and upper respiratory tracts;
• infections affecting the genitourinary system of children and adults.

Capsules, which is where the drug is released, should be taken by adults and adolescents from 10 years of age at 200-400 mg per day.

For children under 10 years of age, the dosage is calculated depending on body weight - 4.5-9 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The duration of therapy is determined individually.

If you violate the established dosage and recommendations of a specialist, the following symptoms may appear: allergies, ringing in the ears, headache, cramps, vaginitis, insomnia, anemia, flatulence, neuropenia, candidiasis.

The drug is not prescribed to children under six months of age and to people intolerant to the composition of the drug. Capsules of 400 mg can be purchased without permission at any pharmacy for 1000 rubles.

Suprax

This is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic from the group of cephalosporins and has bactericidal properties. The drug is produced in the form of granules intended for the preparation of a suspension, which, when entering the body, inhibits the synthesis of cells of the causative agent of infection and inflammation, slows down their reproduction and leads to their complete destruction.

The main component of the drug is cefixime trihydrate, as well as additional components: sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum, strawberry flavor.

The drug is prescribed for the following pathologies:

• pharyngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• sinusitis;
• bronchitis in acute and chronic form;
• otitis;
• urinary tract infections;
• gonorrhea.

Take a suspension of 400 mg once a day or 200 mg twice a day. The course should not exceed more than 10 days.

For children under 12 years of age, the dosage is calculated as follows: 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight once a day or 4 mg 2 times a day.

If the recommendations for use are not followed, the following symptoms may occur: anorexia, diarrhea, dry mouth, leukopenia, flatulence, dizziness, allergies, nephritis. The drug is not prescribed to patients with special sensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins. The drug can be purchased freely for 300 rubles.

Fortum

This is a new generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal properties. The active substance of the powder intended for the preparation of a solution for injection is ceftazidime, which inhibits the protein synthesis of pathogenic microorganism cells.

The substance slows down and then completely stops the process of bacterial reproduction, which leads to their complete death. The additional components are carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate.

The drug is prescribed in the following cases:

• severe infections, including intrauterine ones;
• infection of ENT organs;
• inflammation and infection of the respiratory tract;
• infection of the skin and soft tissues;
• infections of the urinary tract;
• intestinal and stomach infections;
• infection of joints and bone tissue;
• infections directly related to the dialysis procedure.

A solution for injection is prepared from the powder and injected into the body through a vein or muscle. The dosage and course are selected individually depending on the severity of the disease. The maximum dose per day is 6 g, the frequency of administration is 2-3 times a day.

Among the undesirable manifestations, the following symptoms are most often observed: oral candidiasis, nausea, diarrhea, colitis, anemia, neutropenia, renal dysfunction, phlebitis and thrombophlebitis, allergic reactions. The drug should not be prescribed if you are particularly sensitive to cephalosporin antibiotics. The medicine is available in the pharmacy for free for 200 rubles.

New generation antibiotics, included in the list of 3rd generation drugs, must be selected by a specialist. Many drugs often cause unwanted effects and are contraindicated for people with serious pathologies.

The best antibiotics for children

A child’s immunity is formed before the age of 13-16, so his body is more susceptible to pathogenic organisms. It is easier to choose a good antibiotic for an adult, because the doctor usually does not need to take into account the patient’s age. When treating children, this characteristic is important. The dosage of the drug depends on it. It is difficult to predict the effect of a medicine on a child’s body, so pediatricians choose a medicine with a minimum number of side effects. Analysis of reviews from doctors and parents made it possible to select 2 safe children's antibiotics from 5 nominees.

Furadonin

The active component of the antimicrobial agent nitrofuran has bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. The drug is prescribed to children over 1 month of age. The daily dose is divided into 4 doses. The course of treatment lasts 7 days, but if necessary, the doctor can increase it to 10 days. Contraindications include pregnancy, severe kidney and heart diseases.

Advantages

• Low price;
• The development of resistance in bacteria to the drug has not been recorded;
• Does not affect psychomotor reactions;
• The maximum effect occurs after 30-40 minutes;
• Shelf life – 48 months.

Flaws

• Available only in tablet form;
• Prescribed mainly for urinary tract infections;
• Incompatible with fluoroquinolones.

Parents confirm the effectiveness of treatment of cystitis with Furadonin in children. Side effects are rare, pain when urinating goes away within a day. After taking a urine test again 4 days later, all parameters were normal. The medicine can be mixed with fruit drink or tea so that the child does not feel an unpleasant taste.

Cephalexin

Antibiotic of the cephalosporin group with bactericidal properties. In the form of a suspension, it is allowed for children from 6 months, and tablets are prescribed only from 3 years. It is considered the best antibiotic for otitis media, pathologies of the respiratory and urinary systems in children. The dosage depends on age, weight and type of disease.

Advantages

• Ease of reception;
• Low price;
• One of the few cephalosporins that are available in oral form;
• Shelf life – 36 months;
• Small list of contraindications;
• Enhances the effect of a number of medications.

Flaws

• Affects psychomotor reactions;
• Possible development of adverse reactions;
• Not active against anaerobic microorganisms.

Reviews about the antibiotic for children are mostly positive. Parents confirm its high effectiveness and safety. The disadvantages include difficulties in calculating the dosage. The pleasant taste eliminates the main problem of the child taking the medicine.

Carbapenems are reserve antibiotics

As a rule, many people are not even aware of the existence of such a group of antibiotics as carbapenems. People usually encounter them extremely rarely, because they are used only to treat severe infections that threaten human life.

The most popular drugs in this group can be called Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Invanz. Also included in this group are Meronem, Meropenem, Syronem. Indications for the use of such drugs are nosocomial infections, such as:

• intra-abdominal infections;
• abscess, pneumonia, pleural empyema;
• complications of urinary tract infections;
• sepsis and pelvic infections;
• endocarditis;
• severe wounds;
• joint and bone infections;
• infections of soft tissues and skin.
• Bacterial infections and meningitis.

It should be taken into account that carbapenem antibiotics are administered only intravenously using a special dispenser. It is strictly forbidden to use such products if you are allergic or intolerant to the components of the drug, as well as if you are sensitive to cilastatin. It is very important that during therapy the patient constantly informs his doctor about his health and any changes in the body.

Which antibiotic is better to buy?

Doctors do not advise doctors to choose a medication on their own, especially when treating children. The wrong medicine can only worsen the patient's condition. The main criteria that need to be taken into account include age, the presence of chronic pathologies, type of infection, speed of action of the drug, and the risk of adverse reactions. The following recommendations will help simplify your choice:

• If you need a drug for sore throat and bronchitis, then it is better to buy Amoxiclav;
• A good antibiotic for sinusitis is Isofra;
• An effective medication for colds mixed with bacteria is Azithromycin;
• A well-proven broad-spectrum antibiotic is Tetracycline;
• If you need medicine for children, then it is better to choose Cephalexin.

The negative impact of an antibiotic on the body depends on its properties and the patient’s compliance with the rules of administration. Before choosing, you need to check with your doctor which drug is suitable for treating your disease.

Tetracyclines - time-tested antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics

- broad-spectrum drugs.
They are based on a four-cycle system. They do not have a beta-lactam ring, so they are not exposed to the pathogenic influence of beta-lactamase. Such drugs are prescribed for therapy:

• listeria, staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, actinomycetes;
• gonorrhea, salmonella, whooping cough, syphilis, shigella, E. coli and klebsiella.

The advantage of broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotics over their analogues is their ability to penetrate deep into the cell affected by the bacteria. It is for this reason that this remedy is actively prescribed to people with chlamydia, fungal infections, and ureaplasma. It should be noted that tetracyclines are absolutely ineffective in the fight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most popular drugs are Doxycycline and Tetracycline.