Lead acetate is a substance known since ancient times.

Lead

- an element of the main subgroup of the fourth group, the sixth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 82. Denoted by the symbol Pb (Latin: Plumbum). The simple substance lead (CAS number: 7439-92-1) is a malleable, relatively fusible gray metal.

The origin of the word "lead" is unclear. In most Slavic languages ​​(Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Polish) lead is called tin. A word with the same meaning, but similar in pronunciation to “lead”, is found only in the languages ​​of the Baltic group: švinas (Lithuanian), svins (Latvian). The Latin plumbum (also of unclear origin) gave the English word plumber - plumber (once pipes were caulked with soft lead), and the name of the Venetian prison with a lead roof - Piomba, from which, according to some sources, Casanova managed to escape. Known since ancient times. Products made from this metal (coins, medallions) were used in Ancient Egypt, lead water pipes - in Ancient Rome. Lead is referred to as a specific metal in the Old Testament. Lead smelting was the first metallurgical process known to man. Until 1990, large quantities of lead were used (together with antimony and tin) to cast typographical fonts, and also in the form of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane number of motor fuels.

Chemical properties of lead

Electronic formula: KLMN5s25p65d106s26p2, according to which it has oxidation states +2 and +4. Lead is not very reactive chemically. A metallic section of lead shows a metallic luster, which gradually disappears due to the formation of a thin film of PbO.

With oxygen it forms a number of compounds Pb2O, PbO, PbO2, Pb2O3, Pb3O4. Without oxygen, water at room temperature does not react with lead, but at high temperatures lead oxide and hydrogen are produced by the interaction of lead and hot water vapor.

The oxides PbO and PbO2 correspond to the amphoteric hydroxides Pb(OH)2 and Pb(OH)4.

The reaction of Mg2Pb and dilute HCl produces a small amount of PbH4. PbH4 is an odorless gaseous substance that very easily decomposes into lead and hydrogen. At high temperatures, halogens form compounds of the type PbX2 with lead (X is the corresponding halogen). All these compounds are slightly soluble in water. Halides of the PbX4 type can also be obtained. Lead does not react directly with nitrogen. Lead azide Pb(N3)2 is obtained indirectly: by reacting solutions of Pb(II) salts and NaN3 salt. Lead sulfides can be obtained by heating sulfur with lead, PbS sulfide is formed. Sulfide is also obtained by passing hydrogen sulfide into solutions of Pb(II) salts. In the voltage series, Pb is to the left of hydrogen, but lead does not displace hydrogen from dilute HCl and H2SO4, due to the overvoltage of H2 on Pb, and films of poorly soluble PbCl2 chloride and PbSO4 sulfate are formed on the metal surface, protecting the metal from further action of acids. When heated, concentrated acids such as H2SO4 and HCl act on Pb and form with it soluble complex compounds of the composition Pb(HSO4)2 and H2[PbCl4]. Nitric acid, as well as some organic acids (for example, citric acid) dissolve lead to produce Pb(II) salts. According to their solubility in water, lead salts are divided into insoluble (for example, sulfate, carbonate, chromate, phosphate, molybdate and sulfide), slightly soluble (for example, chloride and fluoride) and soluble (for example, lead acetate, nitrate and chlorate). Pb(IV) salts can be obtained by electrolysis of solutions of Pb(II) salts strongly acidified with sulfuric acid. Pb(IV) salts add negative ions to form complex anions, for example, plumbates (PbO3)2- and (PbO4)4-, chloroplumbates (PbCl6)2-, hydroxoplumbates [Pb(OH)6]2- and others. Concentrated solutions of caustic alkalis react with Pb when heated, releasing hydrogen and hydroxoplumbites of the X2[Pb(OH)4] type. Eion (Me=>Me++e)=7.42 eV.

Main lead compounds

Lead oxides

Lead oxides are predominantly basic or amphoteric in nature. Many of them are painted red, yellow, black, and brown. In the photograph at the beginning of the article, on the surface of the lead casting, tarnish colors are visible in its center - this is a thin film of lead oxides formed due to the oxidation of hot metal in air.

Lead halides

Lead chalcogenides

Lead chalcogenides—lead sulfide, lead selenide, and lead telluride—are black crystals that are narrow-gap semiconductors.

Lead salts

Lead sulfate Lead nitrate Lead acetate

- Lead sugar is a very toxic substance. Lead acetate, or lead sugar, Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O exists in the form of colorless crystals or white powder, which slowly erodes with the loss of water of hydration. The compound is highly soluble in water. It has an astringent effect, but since it contains poisonous lead ions, it is used externally in veterinary medicine. Acetate is also used in analytical chemistry, dyeing, calico printing, as a silk filler, and for the production of other lead compounds. Basic lead acetate Pb(CH3COO)2·Pb(OH)2, a less water-soluble white powder, is used to decolorize organic solutions and purify sugar solutions before analysis.

Production[edit]

Lead acetate can be prepared by boiling elemental lead in acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This method also works with lead carbonate or oxide.

Pb (s) + H 2 O 2 (aq) + 2 H + (aq) → Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 H 2 O (l) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 CH 3 COO — (aq) → Pb (CH 3 COO) 2 (aq)

Lead(II) acetate can also be prepared by a single substitution reaction between copper acetate and lead metal:

Cu (CH 3 COO) 2 + Pb → Cu + Pb (CH 3 COO) 2

Lead Applications

Lead in the national economy

Lead nitrate

used for the production of powerful mixed explosives.
Lead azide is used as the most widely used detonator (initiating explosive). Lead perchlorate is used to prepare a heavy liquid (density 2.6 g/cm³) used in flotation beneficiation of ores, and it is sometimes used in high-power mixed explosives as an oxidizing agent. Lead fluoride alone, as well as together with bismuth, copper, and silver fluoride, is used as a cathode material in chemical current sources. Lead bismuthate, lead sulfide PbS, lead iodide are used as cathode material in lithium batteries. Lead chloride PbCl2 as a cathode material in backup current sources. Lead telluride PbTe is widely used as a thermoelectric material (thermo-emf with 350 μV/K), the most widely used material in the production of thermoelectric generators and thermoelectric refrigerators. Lead dioxide PbO2 is widely used not only in lead batteries, but also on its basis many reserve chemical current sources are produced, for example, lead-chlorine cell, lead-fluoride cell, etc. Lead white
, basic carbonate Pb(OH)2•PbCO3 , a dense white powder, is obtained from lead in air under the influence of carbon dioxide and acetic acid. The use of white lead as a coloring pigment is no longer as common as it once was due to its decomposition by hydrogen sulfide H2S. Lead white is also used for the production of putty, in the technology of cement and lead carbonate paper. Lead arsenate and arsenite are used in insecticide technology to kill agricultural pests (gypsy moth and cotton boll weevil). Lead borate Pb(BO2)2·H2O, an insoluble white powder, is used to dry paintings and varnishes, and, along with other metals, as coatings on glass and porcelain. Lead chloride PbCl2, a white crystalline powder, is soluble in hot water, solutions of other chlorides and especially ammonium chloride NH4Cl. It is used to prepare ointments for treating tumors. Lead chromate PbCrO4 is known as chrome yellow dye, and is an important pigment for making paints, for dyeing porcelain and fabrics. In industry, chromate is used mainly in the production of yellow pigments. Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 is a white crystalline substance, highly soluble in water. This is a binder of limited use. In industry, it is used in matchmaking, textile dyeing and printing, antler dyeing and engraving. Lead sulfate Pb(SO4)2, a water-insoluble white powder, is used as a pigment in batteries, lithography, and printed fabric technology. Lead sulfide PbS, a black, water-insoluble powder, is used in firing pottery and to detect lead ions. Since lead absorbs γ radiation well, it is used for radiation protection in X-ray facilities and in nuclear reactors. In addition, lead is considered as a coolant in projects of advanced fast neutron nuclear reactors. Lead alloys are widely used. Pewter (tin-lead alloy), containing 85-90% Sn and 15-10% Pb, is moldable, inexpensive and used in the manufacture of household utensils. Solder containing 67% Pb and 33% Sn is used in electrical engineering. Alloys of lead and antimony are used in the production of bullets and typographic fonts, and alloys of lead, antimony and tin are used for figured casting and bearings. Lead-antimony alloys are commonly used for cable sheaths and electric battery plates. Lead compounds are used in the production of dyes, paints, insecticides, glass products and as an additive to gasoline in the form of tetraethyl lead (C2H5)4Pb (moderately volatile liquid, vapors in small concentrations have a sweetish fruity odor, in large concentrations they have an unpleasant odor; Tm = 130 °C, boiling point = 80 °C/13 mm Hg; density 1.650 g/cm³; nD2v = 1.5198; not soluble in water, miscible with organic solvents; highly toxic, easily penetrates skin; maximum permissible concentration = 0.005 mg/m³; LD50 = 12.7 mg/kg (rat, oral)) to increase octane number.

Lead in medicine

Economic indicators

Prices for lead in ingots (grade C1) in 2006 averaged 1.3-1.5 dollars/kg.

Countries, largest consumers of lead in 2004, in thousand tons (according to ILZSG):

Links[edit]

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