Receipt
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water.
Hydrogen chloride is produced by burning hydrogen in chlorine; the acid obtained in this way is called synthetic. Hydrochloric acid is also obtained from exhaust gases - by-product gases formed during various processes, for example, during the chlorination of hydrocarbons. The hydrogen chloride contained in these gases is called free gas, and the acid thus obtained is called free gas. In recent decades, the share of gas-free hydrochloric acid in production volume has gradually increased, displacing acid produced by burning hydrogen in chlorine. But hydrochloric acid obtained by burning hydrogen in chlorine contains fewer impurities and is used when high purity is required. In laboratory conditions, a method developed by alchemists is used, which consists of the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on table salt:
NaCl + H2SO4 →150oC NaHSO4 + HCl
At temperatures above 550 °C and excess table salt, interaction is possible:
2NaCl + H2SO4 →550oC Na2SO4 + 2HCl
It is possible to obtain by hydrolysis of magnesium and aluminum chlorides (hydrated salt is heated):
MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O →t.oC MgO + 2HCl + 5H2O AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2O →t.oC Al(OH)3 + 3HCl + 3H2O
These reactions may not proceed to completion with the formation of basic chlorides (oxychlorides) of variable composition, for example:
MgCl2 + H2O → Mg2OCl2 + HCl
Hydrogen chloride is highly soluble in water. Thus, at 0 °C, 1 volume of water can absorb 507 volumes of HCl, which corresponds to an acid concentration of 45%. However, at room temperature the solubility of HCl is lower, so in practice 36% hydrochloric acid is usually used.
Hydrochloric acid diluted
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But you wanted to find diluted hydrochloric acid. On this page you will find instructions for use of diluted hydrochloric acid, as well as additional elements that go beyond the scope of the usual instructions. This is an almost complete description of all associated reactions, properties, combinations and contraindications, as well as a complete list of incompatibilities with other drugs.
The standard summary for the drug Diluted hydrochloric acid includes: data on pharmacological action, indications for use, route of administration, side effects, contraindications, use during pregnancy, overdose, interaction with other drugs, release form, storage conditions, composition (active ingredient ). You can also look at the nosological classification according to ICD-10 and find which pharmacological group the drug belongs to, and you can easily find an analogue.
We are glad that you have chosen to search for annotations and instructions for the use of drugs from imedica.by. You will find information about the drug Diluted hydrochloric acid (classification, composition, storage conditions, release form, interaction with other drugs, overdose, use during pregnancy, contraindications, side effects, method of administration, indications for use and pharmacological action). This is the most detailed information about the instructions for CIS medications. We hope it will help you heal yourself as quickly as possible. For a doctor of any specialty, it will be possible to find and prescribe a medicine by studying the annotation Hydrochloric acid diluted quickly and easily.
Instructions Diluted hydrochloric acid is relevant for all regions of Eastern Europe: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and others. As well as more than 5,000 instructions for medications for residents of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and other countries.
Application
Transportation of hydrochloric acid by rail is carried out in specialized tank cars
Industry
- It is used in hydrometallurgy and electroplating (pickling, pickling), for cleaning the surface of metals during soldering and tinning, for producing chlorides of zinc, manganese, iron and other metals. In a mixture with surfactants, it is used to clean ceramic and metal products (inhibited acid is required here) from contamination and disinfection.
- It is registered in the food industry as an acidity regulator (food additive E507). Used to make seltzer (soda) water.
Medicine
Main article: Gastric acidity
- A natural constituent of human gastric juice. In a concentration of 0.3-0.5%, usually mixed with the enzyme pepsin, it is administered orally in case of insufficient acidity.
Interesting Facts
Here are a number of facts about hydrochloric acid that will surprise the average person:
- Hydrogen chloride is able to completely correct itself. The fact is that at high temperatures the compound transforms into its basic state of aggregation - gaseous and saturates the atmosphere with molecules of chlorine and hydrogen.
- Hydrochloric acid is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach of the human body in a small concentration (0.3%). It creates the necessary acidity of the environment in which enzymatic processes of breakdown of nutrients occur most actively.
- When the acidity of the stomach is low, lactobacilli develop in it. This fact indicates another property of HCl - the ability to destroy bacteria. This property is expressed in another of its functions in the human body - bactericidal.
Features of treatment
Highly concentrated hydrochloric acid is a caustic substance
, upon contact with skin causes severe chemical burns. Contact with eyes is especially dangerous. To neutralize burns, use a solution of a weak base, or a salt of a weak acid, usually baking soda.
When opening vessels with concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride vapors, attracting air moisture, form a fog that irritates the eyes and respiratory tract of humans.
Reacting with strong oxidizing agents (bleach, manganese dioxide, potassium permanganate) forms toxic chlorine gas.
In the Russian Federation, the circulation of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 15% or more is limited.
Physical properties
The physical properties of HCl correlate with the concentration of this compound in solution. In order not to be overloaded with numbers, let's consider the physical properties of hydrogen chloride using the example of its concentrated form (about 36%):
- low boiling point (t=48 degrees Celsius);
- high melting point (t=30 degrees Celsius);
- density is 1.18 g/cm3;
- Hydrogen chloride has the ability to ionize in aqueous solutions.
- at low temperatures it acquires a hydration shell: HCL*H20 or HCl*2H2O;
- solutions of hydrochloric acid, colorless;
- in its pure form it is in a gaseous state of aggregation (and in solutions it is in liquid form);
- in humid air, concentrated HCl solutions can smoke strongly;
- hydrochloric acid is a substance with a pungent odor.
How and why they are used
Perhaps this is rightfully one of the important substances that is found and necessary in almost all sectors of human life.
Localization of application:
- Metallurgy. Cleaning surfaces from oxidized areas, dissolving rust, processing before soldering, tinning. Hydrochloric acid helps to extract small inclusions of metals from ores. Zirconium and titanium are obtained using a method of converting oxides into chlorides.
- Food technology industry. A low concentration solution is used as a food additive. Gelatin and fructose for diabetics contain a pure emulsifier. Regular soda also has a high content of this substance. On the product packaging you will see it called E507.
- Field of medicine. In case of insufficient acidity in the stomach and problems with the intestines. Low Ph levels lead to cancer. Even with proper nutrition and plenty of vitamins, the danger does not disappear; it is necessary to carry out tests to obtain juice from the gastric tract, because in an insufficiently acidic environment, beneficial substances are practically not absorbed and digestion is impaired.
- The salt solution is used as an inhibitor - protection against dirt and infections, antiseptic effect. For the production of adhesive mixtures and ceramic products. Heat exchangers are washed with it.
- The procedure for purifying drinking water is also not complete without the participation of chlorine.
- Production of rubber, bleaching of fabric bases.
- You can care for your lenses using this solution.
- Mouth rinse at home
- The substance conducts electricity well.
Burns and poisoning
No matter how effective this remedy is, it is dangerous. Hydrochloric acid, depending on the concentration, can cause four degrees of chemical burns:
- There is only redness and pain.
- Blisters with clear liquid and swelling appear.
- Necrosis of the upper layers of skin is formed. The blisters fill with blood or cloudy contents.
- The lesion reaches the tendons and muscles.
If the substance somehow gets into your eyes, you need to rinse them with water and then with a soda solution. But in any case, the first thing you need to do is call an ambulance.
If acid gets inside, it can cause acute pain in the chest and abdomen, swelling of the larynx, and bloody vomit. As a result - severe pathologies of the liver and kidneys.
And the first signs of vapor poisoning include a dry, frequent cough, choking, damage to teeth, burning in the mucous membranes and abdominal pain. The first emergency aid is washing and rinsing the mouth with water, as well as access to fresh air. Only a toxicologist can provide real help.
How does poisoning occur?
Hydrochloric acid is a liquid substance without color, but with a characteristic pungent odor. One of the strongest acids, capable of dissolving some metals. Easily turns into gas.
Hydrogen chloride is used in the textile industry, tanning, metallurgy of precious metals, in the production of glue and acids.
The substance is present in the stomach in minimal concentration. Acid helps normalize the digestive process, protects the body from harmful bacteria and microorganisms.
At a concentration exceeding 24%, hydrochloric acid can cause irreversible harm to the human body. Vapors formed upon contact with air cause irritation to the visual and respiratory systems. There are several factors that can provoke the development of poisoning.
Factors:
Intoxication with vapors is possible when working in rooms with poor ventilation, ingestion through negligence, more often occurs in children, contact with hydrochloric acid on the epidermis, mucous membrane if the rules for using the reagent are not followed.
Poisoning of the substance at home in adults occurs as a result of use without protective equipment for the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Intoxication can occur when acid is inaccurately poured from one container to another.
