Method of external therapy for patients with zooanthroponotic trichophytosis

Trichophytosis: symptoms of the disease

Trichophytosis of the scalp manifests itself as follows:

• small lesions appear (less than 2 cm in diameter);
• they have a reddish color, clearly defined boundaries; not prone to fusion;
• their surface may be covered with bubbles, which over time turn into crusts;
• slight itching is felt (however, it may be absent).

If there is a chronic form of trichophytosis of the scalp, the symptoms are less pronounced, only mild peeling is observed. The lesion is most often located on the back of the head. A careful examination reveals black dots of broken hair.

With the infiltrative-suppurative form of the disease, a long incubation period is observed (up to 2 months). This type of disease is characterized by the fusion of lesions, the appearance of pustules and crusts, and hair damage. In addition, dilated follicles can be seen on the surface of the lesions, from which pus pours out when pressed.

Methods for eliminating fungal infections

Treatment of trichophytosis requires the attention of a qualified specialist. In most cases, therapy is carried out at home. To successfully combat fungus, an integrated approach is essential: medications for external and internal use, and physiotherapeutic methods are used.

Treatment of trichophytosis with medications

Modern medicine offers the dermatologist a wide selection of antifungal agents. The pathogen is usually treated in a complex manner: ointments are applied topically, and drugs are taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules.

Local and general treatment of trichophytosis - table

Antifungal agents - photo gallery

Exoderil is available in the form of a cream for external use.

Oflomil is available in the form of nail polish

Lamisil is an antifungal agent for external use.

Exifine contains terbinafine

Orungal is a drug for the systemic treatment of trichophytosis

Diflazone contains fluconazole

In addition to antifungal agents, a number of additional drugs are prescribed for the treatment of trichophytosis:

• antiallergic medications (Zodak, Loratadine, Suprastin);
• drugs that improve blood circulation (Troxevasin, Trental);
• antioxidants that improve the healing of damaged skin (Actovegin);
• immunomodulators that activate the body's defenses (Thymogen, T-activin).
  Thymogen improves immunity

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is an effective method of treating many diseases, including superficial and deep trichophytosis. Specialists prescribe the following types of procedures:

• electrophoresis with iodine allows you to disinfect the lesion;
• iontophoresis with iodine can successfully replace the previous procedure;
• inductothermy (magnetic field treatment) improves blood circulation in problem areas of the skin;
• Ultrasound therapy in the area of ​​the nearest lymph nodes leads to the activation of one’s own immune mechanisms to fight the fungus.

Household recommendations

Treatment of trichophytosis is often a long and difficult process. The patient must follow a number of recommendations that will speed up recovery and prevent the spread of infection:

• for trichophytosis of the head, the hair is shaved once a week until complete recovery;
• if the feet are affected, it is necessary to disinfect the inner surface of the shoes once a week with a cotton swab soaked in a solution of Chlorhexidine;
  Chlorhexidine solution perfectly disinfects shoes
• it is necessary to use individual personal hygiene items - a comb, a towel and other linen, manicure accessories;
• shoes must be chosen that are comfortable, fit, made from natural materials, and well ventilated.

Treatment of trichophytosis in children is the task of an experienced specialist. The principles of therapy are similar to those in adults. Doses of antifungal agents used orally are calculated depending on the age and weight of the child.

Folk remedies are not used in the treatment of trichophytosis because they have not proven their effectiveness.

Diagnosis of lichen in cats and dogs

None of the methods for diagnosing lichen in cats and dogs excludes the disease 100%!

Diagnostic methods:

1. Wood's lamp (ultraviolet lamp) - used for quick diagnosis of lichen. Diagnostics are carried out in a dark room. The lamp must first be warmed up for 5–10 minutes. The method is based on the fact that in ultraviolet rays, hairs damaged by M. Canis mushrooms glow emerald. It should be recalled that lichen is caused not only by this fungus; there are others that do not cause an emerald glow. Thus, if the hair does not glow, we cannot rule out ringworm. False-positive glow is also common (due to iodine preparations, dust, lint, skin flakes, food residues).
   Microsporia in a kitten. Positive glow of fungus-damaged hairs when examined with a LUM lamp. Emerald glow of fur on a kitten's ears.

   Microsporia in a kitten. Emerald glow of the hairs on the ears and head of the kitten.

2. Microscopy of scrapings/trichoscopy. Examination of hair under a microscope The method consists of studying the structure of the hair under a microscope. As a rule, the affected hair has a destroyed shaft; sometimes spores and fungal hyphae can be clearly seen. The disadvantages of this method are that the affected hair may not be included in the selected material for research.
   Trichophytosis in a cat. Microscopy reveals damaged hair structure (hyphae and fungal spores in the hair shaft).

   Microsporia in a cat. Fungal spores are clearly visible in the destroyed hair shafts (red arrow).

   Read also:  Early menopause in women: treatment options

   Microsporia in a cat. Fungal spores (circled in red) are visible near the intact hair shaft.

3. Cytology/biopsy. Material is taken from the lesion with a thin needle, distributed over the glass, and stained with special dyes (Diff-Quick, Leuco-Diff). This method is more suitable for lesions such as pseudomycetoma in cats kerion in dogs . Fungal spores can be seen in the stained smear.
4. Sowing. The selected material (hairs, skin flakes) is placed on special media for fungal cultures. The method is the most time-consuming (assessing crop growth can take several days, sometimes up to 3 weeks), but has greater reliability of the results obtained than all other methods. The grown colonies must be examined under a microscope to determine the type of fungus.

This is what Microsporum canis colonies look like on special media. They are characterized by a white color and a change in the color of the medium - it turns red as the mushroom colony grows.

Microsporum canis. The fingerprint was taken from Wednesday (see photo above).

1. PCR . Polymerase chain reaction is based on the detection of pathogen DNA and identification of the species. The animal's fur is sent to the laboratory for testing. A reliable method if the selected material contains a pathogen.

Treatment of lichen in cats and dogs

In cats, cases of spontaneous recovery have been noted within 12–14 weeks. However, treatment should be carried out to prevent infection of other animals and people, to speed up recovery, and to reduce the spread of spores in the environment. The course of treatment is quite long, can take up to 4 months.

Successful treatment of lichen in cats and dogs is based on 3 areas:

1. Systemic treatment . It is necessary to carry out this procedure, since it is mainly the growing hair that is affected; local products cannot penetrate into the hair in any way. For systemic treatment, antifungal agents (itraconazole, fluconazole, terbinafine) are used in tablet form. The course is long and well tolerated by animals. Some products accumulate in the skin and are contained in it for a long time in a therapeutic concentration; such products can be used in a pulse mode (the drug is taken only 2 days a week or every other day).
2. Local treatment. It is used to prevent fungal spores from entering the environment and infecting other animals and people. The whole animal must be washed! Treating only the affected areas will not bring any effect, since spores can be found on the entire surface of the body. To wash animals with lichen, use Imaverol, Lime Sulfur, Liverazol, and shampoos with enilconazole. Treatment is carried out 2 times a week, some products do not need to be washed off, the therapeutic effect is achieved when the product dries on the coat and skin. For the best effect, long-haired animals are recommended to have their hair cut short or shaved.
3. Environmental treatment . Carried out to destroy spores in the environment. Disinfectants with an antifungal effect are used (Imaverol, Clinafarm suppositories, sodium hypochlorite, 5–10% bleach, 0.2% enilconazole, 2% chlorhexidine). Items and clothes can be washed at 60 degrees in a washing machine, 2-3 cycles.

Evaluation of treatment effectiveness

Evaluation of treatment is carried out by culture on special media; culture is done after the disappearance of clinical signs every 2–3 weeks, until a negative result + 1 more control culture.

Only if there are no clinical signs and the culture is negative can the doctor say that the animal is healthy and not a carrier.

Vaccination is not used to treat or prevent lichen infection in cats and dogs!

Today there are no vaccines that can protect animals from infection, this is due to the fact that the vaccine creates humoral immunity (the production of antibodies in the blood and body fluids), and in the case of lichen, only cellular immunity (special cells in the body that react for antigens).

Clinical signs of lichen in cats and dogs

Spontaneous alopecia areata (baldness), sometimes with a red rim around the periphery of the baldness. The spot may peel off and is rarely accompanied by itching (scratching). Lesions are often located on the face and ears; young and immunocompromised animals are more susceptible to the disease (for example, with hyperadrenocorticism in dogs , diabetes mellitus in cats and dogs, immunodeficiency and feline viral leukemia, cancer).

A characteristic manifestation of lichen on the skin of the back of a Bambino cat.

Persian cats and Yorkshire terriers are at-risk breeds.

Cats can be carriers and sources of infection without showing clinical signs themselves. In long-haired cats, hair may not fall out, for example, in cats of Persian breeds, lichen can occur as single or multiple nodules in the thickness of the skin, felt like plaques under the skin with a diameter of 1–8 cm, with or without ulceration, on the back, sides or neck ( pseudomycetoma ). If you accidentally damage these areas of the skin, systemic mycosis may develop (spread of the fungus throughout the body, including into the internal organs).

In dogs, the fungus Microsporum canis causes a severe inflammatory reaction. Skin lesions look like a kerion ( a thickening of any shape that rises above the skin).

One of the manifestations of lichen in dogs is kerion. In this photo there is a round, hairless spot on the upper lip, rising above the surface of the skin.