Chemical properties of lithium carbonate
Lithium carbonate is a salt formed by the alkali metal lithium and carbonic acid. The substance is a colorless powder or odorless crystals. The product is poorly soluble in water (especially hot water), and practically insoluble in alcohols. Its molecular weight = 73.9 grams per mole. Melting point is about 618 degrees Celsius.
Lithium Carbonate is used in the production of plastics, pyrotechnics, porcelain, glass ceramics, in the desulfurization of steel, and in the glass industry.
For medical purposes, lithium salts began to be used by ancient physicians. They used alkaline mineral waters rich in lithium compounds to treat patients with agitation and other mental disorders accompanied by euphoria.
By 1949, Australian scientist John Cade was injecting Lithium Carbonate to treat schizophrenia, depression and various manias. Then, due to the high toxicity of such compounds, a ban on their use was introduced until 1970. Nowadays, Lithium Carbonate is actively used in medicine as a mood stabilizer and antipsychotic.
Physical properties of lithium carbonate
The physical properties of lithium carbonate in its aggregate state characterize the substance as a powder without color or pronounced odor. This reagent is characterized by good solubility in cold water; in hot water, the dissolution of the reagent is much worse. Melting and decomposition of lithium carbonate occurs at high temperatures, more than 1310° C.
When heated to the melting point, lithium carbonate is unstable and begins to decompose. Decomposition also occurs when interacting with dilute acids. When reacting with more active metals, lithium carbonate is displaced from the salt.
Lithium carbonate is produced from oxides (the reaction occurs when heated above 500° C) or from alkalis. The substance can also be obtained through metabolic reactions.
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. Retrieved January 2, 2022. - "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization
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- Dry, Mike. "Lithium Extraction from Brine - Chemistry Old and New" (PDF). Critical Materials Symposium, EXTRACTION 2018, Ottawa, August 26-29
. Retrieved December 1, 2022. - ^ ab Early, Ekaterina (November 25, 2022). "The New Green Lithium 'Gold Rush'". Planet of the Future
. BBC. Retrieved December 2, 2022. - Parker, Anne. Extraction of geothermal resources. Archived September 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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Patel, P. (November 16, 2011) Geothermal Lithium Capture Launch. technologyreview.com - ↑
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"A critical review of lithium-ion battery recycling processes from a circular economy perspective". Batteries
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Scope of application of lithium carbonate
The areas of use of lithium carbonate and what the chemical is used for in each of them is not limited to one or two areas of activity. The reagent has found wide application in almost all areas, including:
- Industrial production of batteries and complexes aimed at energy storage. Thanks to new technological processes in product processing, lithium carbonate is used in the production of lithium batteries in the aerospace industry.
- Pharmaceutical industry, in which the reagent is included in the list of the most necessary substances. The use of lithium carbonate in medicine is mainly localized in the treatment of mental disorders. Indications for the use of lithium carbonate include biopolar disorder, depression and other disorders.
- Production of lubricating solutions and materials that are used to increase the productivity and service life of equipment, mechanisms, and tools.
- Production of substances for air filtration and purification.
- The aluminum industry, in which lithium carbonate is the main raw material for obtaining metal at the stage of smelting raw materials.
- Obtaining dense and easily processed glass.
- Ceramic industry, where lithium carbonate is used at every stage of firing the resulting product. Enhancing color, density and wear resistance is what lithium carbonate is used for in the ceramics industry.
- Aerospace industry in which a chemical is used to produce skin material for spacecraft manufactured for space exploration.
- The automotive industry, where the chemical is an integral part of the production of smart cars.
- Construction industry in which lithium carbonate is added to cement mortars to quickly dry the finished product.
- The unique properties of lithium carbonate make it possible to increase the initial properties of manufactured materials and contribute to the speedy recovery of patients taking medications containing this chemical.
A major consumer of lithium carbonate is the glass industry. Lithium oxide greatly increases the chemical resistance of glass when used together with sodium oxide. As a rule, (0.1-0.4% Li2O) is added to the glass composition. More than 0.15% Li2O in glass leads to:
- lowering the melting point (acts as a flux), which in turn reduces energy costs and prolongs the furnace life.
- reducing the viscosity of glass melt.
- improving the quality and shine of finished products, improving the color of glass
In glassmaking, lithium carbonate is used both in pure form (including lithium oxide) and as part of various minerals, such as: petalite Li2O Al2O3 8SiO2 (4.3-5.7% Li2O), spodumene Li2O Al2O3 ·4SiO2 (7.3-8% Li2O), lepidolite (3.9-6% Li2O), amblygonite (7-10% Li2O).
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** The Drug Directory is intended for informational purposes only. For more complete information, please refer to the manufacturer's instructions. Do not self-medicate; Before starting to use the drug Lithium carbonate, you should consult a doctor. EUROLAB is not responsible for the consequences caused by the use of information posted on the portal. Any information on the site does not replace medical advice and cannot serve as a guarantee of the positive effect of the drug.
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Pharmacological action of lithium carbonate
According to its pharmacological properties, lithium carbonate is a normothimic agent (normalizes the mental state without causing general lethargy). It also has antidepressant, sedative and antimanic effects. The effect is caused by lithium ions, which, being antagonists of sodium ions, displace them from cells and thereby reduce the bioelectrical activity of brain neurons. Accelerates the breakdown of biogenic amines (the concentration of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain tissue decreases). Increases the sensitivity of neurons in the hippocampus and other areas of the brain to the action of dopamine. Interacts with lipids formed during the metabolism of inositol.
At therapeutic concentrations, it blocks the activity of inosyl-1-phosphatase and reduces the concentration of neuronal inositol, which is involved in the regulation of neuronal sensitivity.
The beneficial effects of lithium in migraine may be due to changes in platelet serotonin and histamine concentrations. The antidepressant effect may be due to increased serotonergic activity and decreased regulation of β-adrenergic receptor function.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate
The substance acts as an antagonist of sodium ions in nerve and muscle cells. Thus, muscle weakness develops and the conduction of nerve impulses becomes difficult. Lithium affects the transport of serotonin, norepinephrine and other monoamines; in some areas of the brain, sensitivity to Dopamine increases.
Salts also inhibit the activity of the enzyme inositol, glycogen synthetase kinase 3, and protein kinase C. The substance stimulates a shift in the intraneuronal metabolism of catecholamines.
After penetration into the stomach, the product is quickly and completely adsorbed. Reaches its maximum concentration within 6-12 hours. The half-life is from one day to 2.5 days (after a year of daily use). The medicine crosses the blood-brain barrier and passes into breast milk.
Lithium salts are excreted through the kidneys, depending on the level of sodium and potassium, lithium is either reabsorbed in the renal tubules or maintains its equilibrium concentration in the blood.
Contraindications to the use of lithium carbonate
Lithium carbonate should not be prescribed for the following contraindications:
- with hypersensitivity to the substance;
- after major operations;
- patients with severe cardiovascular diseases;
- for epilepsy and parkinsonism ;
- breastfeeding women;
- if the patient has leukemia , including a history of it;
- with renal failure;
- electrolyte imbalance ;
- pregnant women.
Indications
Ministry of Health of Russia
- Manic and hypomanic states of various origins
- Prevention and treatment of affective psychoses
- Prevention and treatment of affective disorders in patients with chronic alcoholism
- Migraine, Meniere's syndrome, sexual disorders, drug addiction.
FDA recommendations
- Manic states in manic-depressive illnesses
- Prevention of manic states
UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency guidelines
- Manic and hypomanic episodes
- Depressive episodes when antidepressants have not worked
- Preventing exacerbation of bipolar disorder
- Aggressive behavior
Instructions for use of lithium carbonate (Method and dosage)
The dosage is determined by the attending physician depending on the initial concentration of lithium in the blood plasma. Lithium Carbonate preparations are taken orally.
The average daily dosage for an adult is about 900-2400 mg, distributed over 3-4 doses. The dosage should be selected so that the equilibrium concentration of the drug in the blood is from 0.6 to 1.2 mmol per liter.
As a rule, when taking 1 gram of the substance per day, the optimal equilibrium concentration is achieved within 10-14 days.
If during treatment there are significant improvements in the patient’s condition, then it is highly recommended not to interrupt therapy in order to avoid relapse.
For children, the optimal lithium concentration is 0.5-1 mmol per liter.
Elderly and debilitated patients require dosage adjustment.
During treatment you should not drink alcohol.
Side effects and other risks
Mechanism of side effects
The causes of lithium side effects are unknown and complex.
Side effects
- Ataxia, dysarthria, delirium, tremor, memory problems
- Polyuria, polydipsia
- Diarrhea, nausea
- Dangerous side effects: lithium poisoning, renal failure, renal diabetes insipidus, arrhythmia, bradycardia, hypotension, T wave flattening or inversion
- Weight gain: yes, and can be significant
- Sedation: yes, and can be significant
What to do about side effects
- Wait;
- Reduce dose;
- Take the entire dose in the evening;
- Take not 3 times a day, but 2 times a day;
- To avoid irritation to the stomach, take with food;
- To avoid tremors, give up coffee;
- Propranalol (20–30 mg 2–3 times a day) will help relieve tremor;
- Switch to another drug [1].
Long term use
Prescribed for long-term use
addictive
No.
Overdose
May be fatal; tremor, dysarthria, delirium, coma, convulsions, disorder of the autonomic nervous system.
Interaction of lithium carbonate with other drugs
Below are the main drugs with which lithium carbonate can interact in one way or another.
- Haloperidol, when combined with medication, increases the extrapyramidal symptoms of the disease.
- When taking the substance and iodine together, hypothyroidism is more likely to develop.
- The combination of the drug with thiazide diuretics, methyldopa, metronidazole or Indapamide can lead to a rapid increase in the plasma concentration of lithium in the blood and the development of toxic effects.
- ACE inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the concentration of lithium in the blood and increase the risk of adverse reactions.
- The combined use of the substance and alprazolam leads to an increase in the level of lithium in the blood.
- Xanthine derivatives increase the excretion of lithium from the body in the urine, which can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the drug.
- When this compound is combined with Acyclovir, the toxic effect of the drug increases.
- It is better not to combine verapamil with the drug; drug interactions are unpredictable.
- With the combined use of the drug and baclofen, isolated cases of increased hyperkinetic symptoms in patients with Huntington's chorea have been described.
- Diltiazem can provoke the development of psychosis.
- Clonazepam, when combined with the drug, exhibits neurotoxic properties.
- The combined use of the substance with sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate increases the removal of lithium from the body, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of lithium preparations.
- With extreme caution, it is necessary to combine the medicine with norepinephrine, phenytoin, fluoxetine, furosemide, bumetanide.
- When taken simultaneously with phenothiazines (chloropromazine), their concentration in the blood decreases by 50%, and the risk of developing delirium, extrapyramidal reactions, and disturbances in the cerebellum increases.
Expert advice
Lithium is a mood stabilizer that works as well as more modern drugs, and for euphoric mania it is the best drug.
In bipolar disorder, manic episodes are treated better than depressive episodes.
Prevents suicide not only in patients with bipolar I disorder, but also with bipolar II disorder and unipolar depression.
Side effects resulting from lithium toxicity occur at therapeutic doses.
For hyperactive, agitated psychotic patients with mania, it is better to use antipsychotics rather than lithium.
An acute attack of mania is best treated with antipsychotics or benzodiazepines or valproic acid. Lithium can be used as a supplement to remain after the acute attack has passed.
Only a third of patients with bipolar disorder improve completely with monotherapy; the rest require combinations of drugs.
The effectiveness of adding lithium to antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia has not been proven.
Safety precautions for storing and transporting lithium carbonate
Lithium carbonate is not assigned any hazard class.
Despite this, the substance can harm humans if used carelessly, stored or transported. When interacting with a chemical reagent, it is important to avoid getting the powder on mucous membranes, clothing and exposed skin. It is important to use personal protective equipment to minimize injury and to work in areas with adequate ventilation. Lithium carbonate is stored in dry warehouses, away from acids. The substance is stored in industrial containers with a hermetically sealed lid.
Reviews of lithium carbonate
Reviews about the use of lithium carbonate are good. Doctors especially like the medicine; they note that adverse reactions from it, at moderate dosages, not exceeding 1200 mg per day, are rarely observed. They also prefer to use the drug as monotherapy rather than in combination with antipsychotics . Some patients themselves ask their doctors to switch them to Lithium Carbonate from other medications.
Sources:
- https://medside.ru/litiya-karbonat
- https://www.vidal.ru/drugs/molecule/612
- https://bliznesy.ru/preparaty/karbonat-litiya.html
- https://chem.ru/karbonat-litija.html
- https://snabcomplekt.com/helpful-information/svoystva-karbonata-litiya-primenenie-reagenta-i-pravila-ispolzovaniya/
CONTENT
- 1 Use 1.1 Batteries
- 1.2 Medical use 1.2.1 Adverse reactions
- 2.1 Production 2.1.1 From underground brine tanks
