Magnesium oxide is in demand in industry, food industry and medicine

Magnesium oxide is a substance used in sports, medicine and the food industry. Athletes and climbers use it on their hands to prevent slipping. Doctors and cosmetologists value magnesium oxide for its anti-inflammatory and antibactericidal effects. It is also present in some of our products as a food additive E530. Isn't this dangerous?

Chemical properties

The substance has a number of traditional names: burnt magnesia, periclase. Chemical formula of magnesium oxide: MgO. According to the pharmacopoeia, the compound appears as small white crystals that are insoluble in water. In pharmacology, the product is used in the form of a light, white, loose powder that has the ability to absorb water. The oxide boils at 3600 degrees Celsius, molecular weight = 40.3 grams per mole.

Chemical properties of Magnesium Oxide. The substance reacts with dilute substances, thereby forming salts. Magnesium oxide reacts with hot water to form hydroxide, but does not react with cold liquid. Magnesii oxydum (Magnesium Oxide in Latin) is obtained by roasting magnesite and dolomite . MgCO3 decomposes to oxide and carbon monoxide.

Application of the substance:

• used in industry in the production of refractory materials, cement, for purification from impurities of petroleum products, as a filler in the production of rubber products;
• as an abrasive for cleaning various surfaces in industry;
• in the food industry as an additive E530 ;
• athletes use burnt magnesia as a powder to prevent them from slipping off the equipment;
• in medicine - to neutralize hydrochloric or other acids in the stomach.

Applications of MgO in industry

Due to its high melting point, magnesium oxide is used in construction. In this case, the so-called “caustic magnesite”, which is obtained by firing natural magnesite, is highly valued. It is especially widely used in the creation of building materials such as xylitol, cement, and concrete. The chemical increases their fire resistance, so such materials are often used in the construction of industrial premises, residential and public buildings.

MgO is also used to create binders. However, its ability to absorb moisture allows the use of such materials and mixtures only for the construction of premises with predominantly dry operating conditions. In the automotive industry, this chemical compound is introduced into rubber compounds, and also for vulcanization as an activator of other accelerators.

Light magnesium oxide has abrasive properties, so it is often used in the electronics industry to clean sensitive surfaces. In addition, burnt magnesia has found its use in the following cases:

• is part of the protective layer in liquid crystal screens;
• used in paper production;
• included in heating elements in heating systems;
• Some types of petroleum products are purified using this chemical compound.

Another important property of the MgO compound is that it can be used to control the solubility of radionuclides. This quality is very useful in factories that process waste, the use of burnt magnesia in this case to maintain environmental balance.

Agriculture is considered a promising segment of magnesium oxide consumption today. Here it is used to prevent caking of fertilizers and is used as an independent additive to enrich the soil with magnesium. The lack of magnesium on farmland affects the products produced, so the use of such fertilizer is very important for the harvest. True, magnesium sulfate is most often used, since the latter is slightly cheaper than burnt magnesia.

This substance has also found its use in animal husbandry. Magnesium deficiency affects the health of livestock and the products derived from them. Farm animal diets typically contain sufficient amounts of all essential minerals and vitamins. But on pastures fertilized with potassium and nitrogen, there is sometimes a lack of Mg. Burnt magnesia is used to prevent and eliminate magnesium deficiency by introducing fertilizing.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Magnesium Oxide, after entering the digestive tract under the influence of water, turns into hydroxide . The substance neutralizes hydrochloric acid and reduces the activity of digestive enzymes in general. After taking the medicine on an empty stomach, the antacid effect lasts for half an hour. When taken after meals – up to 4 hours.

Magnesium chloride is also formed in the stomach , which, upon penetration into the intestines, increases osmotic pressure, has a laxative effect, increasing intestinal motility.

The substance is not absorbed through the walls of the stomach and does not penetrate the systemic circulation. Secondary hypersecretion is not observed during treatment with the drug. The medicine does not cause alkalosis .

When combining the product with pyridoxine calcium oxalate formation decreases . This combination of lek. drugs prevents the formation of oxalate stones.

Precautionary measures

The reagent is low-toxic, but can cause irritation upon direct contact with the eyes and respiratory organs; ingestion may cause intestinal upset. Allergic reactions are possible in case of individual intolerance.

The workplace for working with magnesium oxide should be located in a room with a forced ventilation system. Employees must use masks or respirators, goggles for respiratory and eye protection, and rubber gloves. Smoking is prohibited in the workplace. The reagent is packaged and transported in hermetically sealed plastic or multi-layer paper bags. The integrity of the packaging should be strictly monitored, as the product actively absorbs moisture from the environment.

Magnesia is stored in dry, well-ventilated warehouses, protected from direct sunlight. The substance should be placed away from heating devices, acids, and halogens. In laboratories it is stored in airtight glass or plastic containers with a ground or screw cap.

Indications for use

The medicine is prescribed:

• for acute gastritis , with exacerbation of chronic gastritis with increased or normal secretion of gastric acids;
• patients with exacerbation of gastric and duodenal ulcers ;
• patients with gastralgia , dyspepsia after taking medications, diet disorders, drinking alcohol, coffee or nicotine;
• with reflux esophagitis ;
• patients with pancreatitis ;
• for the treatment of constipation ;
• after poisoning with acids;
• in combination with other medications for the prevention of oxalate nephrourolithiasis .

Crystal lattice:

Interaction

Magnesium Oxide reduces adverse reactions from taking antacids with aluminum and increases their duration of action.

When the drug is combined with indomethacin , the plasma concentration of the latter decreases and the irritating effect of the drug on the digestive tract decreases.

The medicine reduces the rate of absorption of nitrofurantoin , iron salts and tetracycline .

The substance slows down the absorption of azithromycin , reduces its maximum concentration in the blood and the time to reach this concentration. This combination is not recommended.

Magnesium oxide as a food additive

In food products, this component is usually found under the index E530. As a food additive, MgO is legal in the EU countries, Ukraine and Russia (data are not provided for other countries). Based on the degree of effect on the body, this substance is considered safe. In the food industry, magnesium oxide is valued mainly as an emulsifier and stabilizer.

Most often, E530 is found in the following products:

• milk powder (quantity 10 g/kg);
• dry cream (1000 mg/kg);
• chocolate and cocoa products (70 g/kg);
• edible oils;
• margarine, spread, butter.

The E530 component is added to food products to prevent clumping and caking. In the production of cooking fats and oils, this additive accelerates hydrogenation. Its presence in products does not indicate their poor quality, since the component is recognized as safe.

The role of magnesium in a woman’s life

Magnesium is one of the most important microelements, ranking second in content in the cell after potassium. The biological role of magnesium is multifaceted, since it is an essential element of many biochemical processes, such as stabilization of DNA in the processes of mitosis and meiosis, activation of more than 300 enzymes: creatine kinase, adenylate cyclase, phosphofructokinase, K-Na-ATPase, enzymes of protein synthesis, glycolysis, transmembrane ion transport . Magnesium takes an active part in the process of neuromuscular excitability and affects the processes of thermoregulation of the body [1].

Magnesium is indispensable in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis; there are at least 500 magnesium-dependent proteins in the human body. It is involved in maintaining the normal function of the nervous and cardiovascular systems; magnesium plays a special role in the processes of membrane transport of calcium and sodium ions in electrically excitable tissues, and its deficiency leads to destabilization of membranes. The effect of magnesium on the cardiovascular system is twofold: participation in the process of blood coagulation as an antithrombotic factor and a direct effect on the heart muscle, since it is a powerful vasodilator, stabilizing the functioning of calcium channels and the rhythm of myocardial contractions [2, 3].

Magnesium is a physiological antagonist of calcium, competing with it on the cell membrane and taking part in the relaxation of muscle fibers. The role of magnesium in osteogenesis is known, since it maintains a normal level of calcium in the bones, promotes the renewal of calcium in them, prevents calcium loss and is extremely necessary for stabilizing energy processes in bone tissue [4, 5].

It has been established that some proteins in osteogenesis are magnesium-dependent, bind fibroblast growth factors and trigger the initial intracellular signal, the synthesis of the signal molecule phosphatidylinositol triphosphate. Consequently, magnesium not only maintains the stability of calcium in the bone, but also, as an independent microelement, ensures osteogenesis and contributes to the physiological strength of bone tissue [6].

The most important causes of magnesium deficiency are:

1. Reduced magnesium consumption: reduced content in “civilized food”, diet courses, alcoholism, parenteral nutrition with a low Mg content.
2. Reduced intestinal resorption: prolonged diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, inflammatory enteropathies, condition after intestinal resection, reduced resorption due to high calcium intake, protein-rich foods, high fat content in food, large amounts of alcohol.
3. Increased need for magnesium: pregnancy and breastfeeding, increased physical activity (sweating), growth period, recovery period, stress.
4. Increased excretion of magnesium: gastrointestinal disorders - vomiting, prolonged diarrhea, abuse of laxatives; renal diseases - nephrotic syndrome, Barter's syndrome, renal salt loss, renal acidosis; chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, diuretic and cytostatic therapy, anti-tuberculosis drugs.
5. Endocrine disorders: hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism.

In recent years, the frequency of detection of magnesium deficiency among people with various pathological diseases and conditions has been increasing in the world, which proves its connection with a wide range of diseases and pathological conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction, impaired apoptosis, metabolic and hypertensive syndromes, connective tissue pathology, pregnancy, premenstrual and menopausal syndrome, immunity problems [2, 7–10].

According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the diagnosis of “magnesium deficiency” is coded as E61.3.

Significant disorders in organs and systems due to magnesium deficiency

Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency affect almost all organs and systems. With severe magnesium deficiency, heart rhythm disturbances occur with the development of arrhythmias, disruption of the blood coagulation system, increased cholesterol levels in the blood and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis, headaches, decreased mental performance, irritability and depression, increased risk of bronchospastic conditions, worsened osteoporosis, impaired immune function system, urolithiasis progresses [11–14]. A lack of magnesium in the body leads to a state of increased nervous excitability of the cell, and muscle cells experiencing depolarization disorders undergo an excess of contraction processes in relation to relaxation processes [15–17].

The role of magnesium during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the need for magnesium increases 2–3 times, which is due to an increase in the weight of the uterus from 100 to 1000 g, mammary glands, total blood mass due to an increase in the number of red blood cells by 20–30%, high estrogen levels and an increase in aldosterone levels [ 2, 18–22].

Sufficient provision of the mother’s body with this important element creates the basis for full gestation and the birth of a healthy child [6, 23]. The placenta is characterized by one of the highest levels of magnesium content; it synthesizes more than 150 proteins and hormones, of which 70% are magnesium-dependent. A pregnant woman’s body’s need for magnesium often exceeds its supply, and this circumstance allows us to consider pregnancy as a physiological model of hypomagnesemia [21, 24, 25].

Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy can cause undesirable consequences on both the mother and the fetus: impaired embryo implantation, placental calcification (a consequence of impaired calcium metabolism in conditions of magnesium deficiency), prolonged threat of miscarriage, premature birth, weakness of labor, disorders dilation of the cervix and the period of expulsion during childbirth, symphysiopathy and symphysitis, preeclampsia and eclampsia [12, 16, 23, 26]. The most common manifestations of magnesium deficiency during pregnancy include calf muscle cramps, tremors, writer's cramp, increased uterine tone, and arterial hypertension [2, 17, 23, 27].

The use of inorganic magnesium salts to prolong pregnancy and in the complex therapy of preeclampsia has been well studied. However, their use can result in a number of serious and dangerous complications, such as hot flashes, nausea, headache, decreased heart rate, and acute brain damage in newborns [23, 27, 28]. Inorganic salts and magnesium oxide are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and cause dyspepsia [18, 29].

Recently, the drugs of choice for the treatment of chronic magnesium deficiency and long-term prevention of pregnancy complications are organic magnesium salts for oral administration, which are better absorbed, easier to tolerate by patients and produce fewer adverse drug reactions from the gastrointestinal tract [4, 21, 30, 31 ].

One of the promising and most successful drugs used in the treatment and prevention of magnesium deficiency and the threat of premature birth is a preparation of organic magnesium salt, which contains 32.8 mg of elemental magnesium or 500 mg of magnesium orotate [32]. Orotic acid, which is part of the drug, is an intermediary in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines, the synthesis of glycogen and adenosine triphosphate. The effectiveness of magnesium increases when used with so-called magnesium fixatives. Orotic acid in foreign literature is classified as a “Mg-fixing agent”, which promotes the transport of Mg2+ ions into the cell [3, 27, 31, 34].

Magnesium orotate is prescribed 2 tablets 3 times a day for 7 days, then 1 tablet 2-3 times a day. The duration of the course is at least 4–6 weeks [14, 32].

The place of magnesium in the treatment of gynecological diseases

Magnesium preparations have found wide use in the treatment of various gynecological pathologies: premenstrual syndrome with a predominance of psycho-emotional stress (depression, irritability, swelling, pain and engorgement of the mammary glands) [11]. The duration of therapy should be at least 2–3 menstrual cycles and can be continued for much longer [1].

Considering that the magnesium deficiency state is accompanied by increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, TNF-α), the inclusion of magnesium preparations in complex therapy inflammatory diseases of the genital organs is very reasonable [35–37].

Magnesium deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in the activity of hyaluron synthetases, an increase in the activity of hyaluronidases, which leads to disruption of the metabolism of the gel-like environment of the extracellular matrix, accelerated aging of fibroblasts, a slowdown in the synthesis of collagen and elastin fibers and a deterioration in the mechanical characteristics of tissue [1, 27, 38, 39]. The inclusion of magnesium preparations in the complex of therapeutic measures is pathogenetically indicated for patients with genital prolapse, especially in the prevention of relapses after surgery [26, 40, 41].

One of the most common causes of disturbances in menstrual and reproductive functions against the background of progressive obesity is metabolic syndrome, a particular manifestation of which is polycystic ovary syndrome [12, 42, 43]. Patients with metabolic syndrome have menstrual irregularities such as hypomenstrual syndrome, including amenorrhea, infertility, miscarriage, excess hair growth, and obesity [27].

Magnesium is known to be required for adequate glucose utilization and insulin signaling. The severity of metabolic syndrome manifestations, including insulin levels, is inversely proportional to the level of dietary magnesium intake. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is the result of long-term metabolic disorders inextricably linked to chronic magnesium deficiency. Serum magnesium levels in women with diabetes are negatively correlated with blood lipids and the patient's fat mass [44, 45].

At earlier stages of the formation of these disorders, patients often develop asthenia, aggravating existing metabolic disorders [12, 27]. Hypomagnesemia worsens metabolic processes, creating conditions for the formation of clinically pronounced metabolic syndrome [30, 36]. Dietary measures are fundamental in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome. To select a diet for such patients, it is necessary to take into account the quantitative content of magnesium in food products and its bioavailability [13, 46, 47]. However, to correct a deep magnesium deficiency, dietary measures alone are not enough; there is a need to use magnesium preparations, for example its organic compound magnesium orotate. The advantages of magnesium orotate over other magnesium preparations lie in its convenient tablet form, which makes it easy to change the dosage of the drug if necessary. In addition, magnesium orotate is safe in therapeutic doses and has virtually no adverse drug reactions [4, 32].

In recent years, it has been established that the symptoms of menopausal syndrome are similar to the symptoms of magnesium deficiency: hot flashes and night sweats, a feeling of pressure in the head and body, muscle and joint pain, paresthesia, headaches, dizziness and fainting, difficulty breathing, loss of sensation in the feet and in the hands. All this justifies the need for magnesium subsidies in this period of a woman’s life. Of course, one should remember about the possibility of developing osteoporosis; it is known about the effect of magnesium preparations on supporting the normal functioning of bone tissue, supporting bone mineral density, since magnesium preserves the matrix on which calcium will rest [6, 13, 24, 48].

Thus, the problem of magnesium deficiency in obstetrics and gynecology is extremely relevant. Chronic magnesium deficiency, which often leads to serious pregnancy complications, can and should be compensated for by oral magnesium supplementation. The use of oral magnesium supplements corrects magnesium deficiency in pregnant women, reduces the risk of miscarriage and eclampsia, and prevents the development of gestational diabetes and obesity. Magnesium orotate should also be included in the complex of treatment measures for patients with metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, connective tissue dysplasia, premenstrual and menopausal syndromes.

Considering the need for long-term use of the drug, the safety and high bioavailability of the magnesium it contains is important; magnesium orotate fully meets all these requirements.

Determining the optimal ways to correct magnesium deficiency and actively prevent complications of magnesium deficiency states remains an important task in obstetrics and gynecology.

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A. Z. Khashukoeva1, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor S. A. Khlynova, Candidate of Medical Sciences Z. Z. Khashukoeva, Candidate of Medical Sciences L. A. Karelina

GBOU VPO RNIMU im. N. I. Pirogova Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow

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